Quite often there are situations when a person needs surgery. A few decades ago, doctors used laparotomy. In the process of its implementation, the patient is introduced into the deepest sleep with the help of general anesthesia, after which the abdominal wall, muscles and tissues are dissected. Next, the necessary manipulations are performed and the tissues are sutured in layers. This method of intervention has many disadvantages and consequences. That is why the development of medicine does not stand still.
Recently, almost every medical institution has all the conditions for a more gentle surgical intervention.
Laparoscopy
This is a method of surgical intervention or diagnostics, after which a person can quickly return to the usual rhythm of life and get a minimum of complications from the manipulation.
Laparoscopy in gynecology
Using thismanipulation has gained quite a lot of popularity. If the doctor is not able to make an accurate diagnosis for the patient, then this type of procedure will help in this. Laparoscopy in gynecology is used in the treatment or removal of tumors, for the treatment of infertility in women. Also, this method will help to eliminate the adhesive process as accurately as possible and remove foci of endometriosis.
Other applications
In addition to the diagnosis and treatment of gynecological pathologies, laparoscopy of the gallbladder, intestines, stomach and other organs can be performed. Quite often, using this method, one or another organ or part of it is removed.
Indications for intervention
Laparoscopy is a correction method that has indications for carrying out, like any other surgical intervention:
- Severe internal bleeding.
- Rupture of any organ.
- Female infertility with no known cause.
- Tumors of the ovaries, uterus or other abdominal organs.
- Need to ligate or remove fallopian tubes.
- The presence of an adhesive process that brings severe discomfort to a person.
- Treatment of ectopic pregnancy.
- When developing endometriosis or other organ diseases.
In some cases, laparoscopy is not the best treatment option and a laparotomy is needed.
Contraindications for intervention
Laparoscopy is never performed in the following cases:
- If there is a severe stage of vascular or heart disease.
- During a person's stay in a coma.
- For poor blood clotting.
- For colds or bad tests (with the exception of emergency cases that cannot wait).
Before surgery
The patient is advised to undergo a small examination before the operation. All tests assigned to a person must comply with the standards that the hospital has. Planned laparoscopy before conducting provides for the following examination:
- Research of blood analysis of general and biochemical.
- Determination of blood clotting.
- Urine analysis.
- Fluorography and ECG study.
If an emergency operation is performed, the doctor is limited to a minimum list of tests, which include:
- Blood group and clotting tests.
- Pressure measurement.
Patient preparation
Scheduled operations are usually scheduled for the afternoon. The day before the manipulation, the patient is advised to limit food intake in the evening. Also, the patient is given an enema, which is repeated in the morning before surgery.
On the day on which the manipulation is scheduled, the patient is forbidden to drink and eat.
Since laparoscopy is the most sparing method of surgical intervention, during its implementationmicro-instruments are used and small incisions are made in the abdomen.
To begin with, the patient is put into a state of sleep. The anesthesiologist calculates the required dose of the drug, taking into account the sex, weight, height and age of the patient. When the anesthesia has worked, the person is connected to an artificial respiration apparatus. This is necessary so that no unforeseen situations arise during the operation, since the abdominal organs are subjected to intervention.
Then, the patient's belly is inflated with a special gas. This will help the doctor move the instruments freely in the abdominal cavity and not catch on its upper wall.
Progress of operation
After the preparation of the patient is finished, the doctor makes several incisions in the abdomen. If laparoscopy of the cyst is performed, then incisions are made in the lower abdomen. If surgery is needed on the intestines, gallbladder, or stomach, incisions are made at the target location.
In addition to small holes for instruments, the surgeon makes one incision, which is somewhat large. It is necessary for the introduction of a video camera. This incision is usually made above or below the navel.
After all the instruments are inserted into the abdominal wall and the video camera is connected correctly, the doctor sees a several times enlarged image on the big screen. Focusing on it, they perform the necessary manipulations in the human body.
The timing of laparoscopy can vary from10 minutes to one hour.
Status after operation
At the end of the manipulations, the doctor removes the instruments and manipulators from the abdominal cavity and partially releases the air that raised the abdominal wall. After that, the patient is brought to his senses and the control devices are turned off.
The doctor checks the state of reflexes and reactions of a person, after which he transfers the patient to the postoperative department. All movements of the patient are carried out strictly on a special gurney with the help of medical personnel.
In the first hours it is not recommended to give the patient to drink, as vomiting may begin. When a person begins to recover from anesthesia, you can give him plain water one sip at a time.
After a few hours, it is recommended to lift the upper body and try to sit down. You can get up no earlier than five hours after the end of the operation. It is recommended to take the first steps after the intervention with outside help, as there is a high risk of losing consciousness.
The patient is discharged within five days or a week after the operation, subject to good he alth and positive dynamics. The sutures from the performed incisions are removed on average two weeks after the intervention.
Recovery after surgery
If the tumor was treated, then after laparoscopy the cyst or its fragment is sent for histological examination. Only after receiving the results, the patient canbe scheduled follow-up treatment.
When removing the gallbladder or part of another organ, a histological examination is carried out if necessary to clarify the diagnosis.
If an operation was performed on female organs, then the ovaries after laparoscopy should “rest” for some time. For this, the doctor prescribes the necessary hormonal drugs. The patient is also shown taking anti-inflammatory and antibacterial drugs.
Choice of clinic
Before preference is given to the institution in which laparoscopy will be performed, the cost of work and stay in the hospital must be taken into account and agreed with the attending physician. Analyze the operation and cost of maintenance in several places and make your choice.
If the surgery is an emergency, then most likely no one will ask about preferences and you will be treated at a public medical institution. In this case, laparoscopy has no cost. All manipulations are carried out free of charge with an insurance policy.
Consequences and complications of surgery
In most cases, laparoscopy has a positive effect on human he alth. However, complications can sometimes occur both during and after the manipulation.
Perhaps the main complication is the formation of adhesions. This is an inevitable consequence of all surgical interventions. It is worth saying that during laparotomy, the development of the adhesive process occurs faster and ismore pronounced.
Another complication that may occur during the operation is injury to neighboring organs by the inserted manipulators. As a result, internal bleeding may begin. That is why at the end of the manipulation, the doctor examines the abdominal cavity and organs for damage.
After the operation, the patient may experience pain in the collarbone area. This is completely normal and does not last more than one week. Such discomfort is explained by the fact that the gas “walking” through the body is looking for a way out and affects nerve receptors and tissues.
Never be afraid of an upcoming laparoscopy. This is the most gentle way of surgical treatment. Stay safe and stay he althy!
