Bleeding is the process of outpouring of blood from vessels, which occurs due to violations of the integrity of the shell of their walls. Specialists distinguish different degrees of blood loss (for example, traumatic, non-traumatic and other types). The destruction of blood vessels can occur under the influence of a particular pathology or as a result of injury. Based on the type of lesions, certain first aid measures are required, which should alleviate the patient's condition before the arrival of a team of doctors.
It is worth looking into the peculiarities of bleeding in more detail. According to some signs, it is possible to determine in which particular organ the damage occurred. For example, by the color and speed of the flowing fluid, a person can understand the severity of blood loss.
Classification
There are many signs by which you can determine the type of bleeding. If we consider the area of localization in which the outflow of blood occurs, then in this case, blood loss can be:
- Outer. In this situation, an outpouring occurs directly intoexternal environment. Fluid is released from a wounded surface, which may result from an open fracture or soft tissue injury. This kind of degree of blood loss is considered quite dangerous. In this case, blood is released from the lumen of hollow organs, which in one way or another have a connection with the outside world. For example, internal bleeding can occur in the intestines, bladder, stomach, and other organs.
- Hidden. In this case, the blood is not poured out, but directly into the body cavity in the place where there is no communication with the external environment. The latent form of bleeding can include articular, pericardial, cerebral and others.
Type of blood loss depending on the affected blood vessel
Based on this indicator, several types of bleeding are also distinguished. Blood loss can be:
- Arterial. In this case, the walls of the arteries are destroyed. If we talk about the features of this manifestation, then in this case there will be a pulsating, rather strong outpouring of a bright scarlet liquid. This condition is very dangerous because there is a very rapid blood loss. Against this background, a serious threat to the life of the victim may appear.
- Venous. With such blood loss, the integrity of the venous walls is violated. In this case, the blood flows out a little more slowly, and its shade will be much darker, cherry-colored.
- Capillary. In this case, damage to the capillaries occurs. Blood is released very slowly. By and large, she just drips from the strickenarea.
- Parenchymal. As a rule, this can happen with damage to the spleen, lung, kidney, liver and other organs. Often, bleeding develops against the background of damage to the cavernous tissues. If we talk about external signs, then they are hardly noticeable. In this case, a person has more standard symptoms of poor he alth. Patients complain of weakness, dizziness, fainting and loss of consciousness. In this case, a threadlike pulse and the development of tachycardia are observed. The pressure may drop suddenly or be undetectable.
Mixed. In this case, several types of vessels are damaged at once, so there is no general symptomatology
Severity
If we talk about the types of hemorrhages depending on the state of the person, then it is worth highlighting several groups:
- 1st degree. With such bleeding, there is a slight change in hemodynamics. The person feels satisfactory, but he has a slightly rapid pulse. Blood pressure will be normal. Hemoglobin values in this state usually exceed 100 g/l. If capillaroscopy is performed, then in this case a rather rapid hematogenous blood flow will be observed.
- 2nd degree. In this case, we are talking about more pronounced bleeding. A person has a condition that is commonly called an average degree of blood loss 1. This means that the victim complains of the appearance of lethargy, dizziness, blanching of the skincovers. In this case, blood pressure drops to 90 mm Hg. In some cases, vomiting may occur. If you conduct a capillaroscopy, the result will show a pale color. The number of capillaries at this stage is significantly reduced.
- 3rd degree. This condition is considered a severe degree of blood loss, which is quite easy to identify by pale skin, on which drops of cold sweat appear. The mucous membranes will also be much lighter than usual. Patients begin to yawn frequently and drink a lot of water. The pulse becomes frequent, thready. Blood pressure may drop to 60 mm Hg. Hemoglobin values drop to 50 g/l. If capillaroscopy is performed, a pale background will be noted. People experience frequent bouts of vomiting and fainting.
- 4th degree. In this case, quite abundant blood loss occurs, the victim periodically loses consciousness for a long time. This condition refers to the degree of acute blood loss. Pulse and pressure may not be felt at all. If you conduct a capillaroscopy, the color will be gray. This stage is considered very dangerous.
Origin
Based on this indicator, several degrees of state are also distinguished. Bleeding can be traumatic or pathological. In turn, with the loss of fluid against the background of the injury, blood loss can be:
- Primary. In this case, we are talking about a condition that occurs immediately after an injury.
- Early andsecondary. In this case, the pathology develops during or after the operation.
- Late secondary. As a rule, the occurrence of bloody discharge is associated with the appearance of suppuration on the vascular walls.
Reasons
If we talk about the factors that lead to different degrees of blood loss, then first of all, of course, mechanical damage comes to mind. However, in addition to this, a similar condition can develop against the background of:
- Vascular pathologies.
- Diseases of the circulatory system.
- Some common ailments in which the patient suffers from vitamin deficiency or intoxication.
- Diseases of the internal organs (for example, hemorrhage can occur against the background of pulmonary tuberculosis, oncology, benign neoplasms and many other conditions).
Symptomatics
When considering the definitions of the degrees of blood loss, it is worth paying attention to a number of standard symptoms of bleeding. Regardless of whether a person suffers from external or internal damage, he will experience weakness and general malaise, frequent dizziness, increased thirst, suffocation, a feeling of lack of air and a rapid heartbeat. If severe arterial bleeding has occurred, then in this case the victim may experience a high degree of shock.
With blood loss, additional external signs are also noted. In this case, in addition to blanching of the skin and the appearance of cold sweat, you should pay attention to shortness of breath, impairedurinary process, a sharp decrease in blood pressure, confusion.
Signs of internal bleeding
In such a situation, the condition of the victim may manifest itself in different ways depending on the localization of the problem. If bleeding occurs in the lung, then a bright red liquid will be released. Blood is directed through the mouth. It is worth noting the foamy structure of the liquid.
If bleeding has developed in the stomach, then in this case this problem can be identified by brown blood. With blood loss in the intestines, feces will turn black. In this case, their consistency is more like tar.
If the kidneys and urinary tract are damaged, then the urine becomes quite pronounced red. Blood clots may also appear in the liquid.
Arterial
In this case, signs of severe blood loss indicate an extremely dangerous condition of the victim. The account can go for minutes. This is because fluid loss occurs very quickly.
If we talk about emergency assistance, which is carried out in such situations, then you need to act very quickly. An affected person can lose a huge volume of blood in less than three minutes. If a large artery is damaged, then there are only a few minutes to somehow stabilize the patient's condition. Otherwise, he will quickly die. First comes a deep coma and then death.
To prevent this from happening,it is necessary to strongly squeeze the vessel under the affected area. If the blood does not stop, then in this case it is allowed to press the vein, which is located just above the visible wound. If the outflow of fluid has slowed down, then it is necessary to immediately treat the wound with an antiseptic or hydrogen peroxide. After that, a gauze bandage is applied to the affected area.
Helpful tips
If these manipulations do not stop the bleeding, one can only hope that the ambulance will arrive on time. Otherwise, it will be impossible to help the victim.
There are also some recommendations from doctors that can help in an emergency. For example, if a deep vein bleeds, then a small wound can be pressed down with a swab or a thick napkin, richly soaked in hydrogen peroxide. After that, a tight pressure bandage is applied to the resulting “lotion”.
If no effect is observed, then the use of a tourniquet is allowed.
First aid for capillary bleeding
In the classification of blood loss by severity, this type of lesion is considered the most harmless. However, this does not mean that the affected area should be left unattended. Although in this case we are talking about a slight loss of fluid, there is always a risk of getting an infection. Therefore, in case of capillary bleeding, it is also recommended to treat the affected area with hydrogen peroxide. After that, a clean gauze must be applied to the wound site. You can put cotton wool on top andbandage the wound. In some situations, the use of a bandage or a large patch is sufficient.
In closing
Also, you should always remember that some people have low blood clotting. This means that even a minor scratch can lead to quite a long blood loss. In addition, having received even a microscopic injury in a public place, there is a risk of contracting many dangerous diseases.
So don't be too careless about your he alth. It's best to always have hydrogen peroxide on hand. In case of severe injuries, there is no time to waste. You need to immediately contact an ambulance and take all measures to try to stop the blood loss before the arrival of specialists.
