Strength, speed, endurance, flexibility - how can it all be called in one word? The answer is simple: human motor abilities. Some of them are innate potential, some need systematic and purposeful development. We will analyze motor abilities by type, present their characteristics. We will also touch upon their internal classification.
Definition of concept
Motor (physical) abilities are a combination of psychophysical and morphological human properties that will meet the requirements of any muscular activity and ensure the effectiveness of its implementation.
It must be said that different people have individual physical abilities from birth. Their subsequent development or lack of it further increases the difference between us. In addition, someone can concentrate on improving themselves in strength abilities, someone in terms of endurance, someone wants to be flexible. All this makes the differences more significant.
Separate motor physical abilities - these are the qualities that we can characterizeor another person. Hardy, fast, strong, flexible, agile, etc.
Another thing is honestly connected with our concept - the physical qualities of a person. These are innate anatomical, physiological, psychological qualities of each of us. They directly affect the development of human motor abilities. In addition, the improvement of the latter depends on the following:
- character, willpower;
- life goals;
- environment, social circle;
- ease of learning new skills;
- load tolerance, etc.
Types of abilities
What human motor abilities exist? The main ones are as follows:
- Power.
- Coordination.
- High speed.
- Flexibility.
- Stamina.
Let's break down each of these categories in detail.
Power abilities
What is this human motor ability? Their complex is based on the concept of "muscle strength". This is the name of the effort that a person needs to make any movement, move his body or maintain its position in space.
Muscular strength in terms of physical human capabilities - the ability to overcome external resistance, to prevent it due to their own muscle tension. It depends on the following:
- Muscle mass.
- Quality of muscle coordination.
- Contractile properties of muscles - ratiosred and white fabric fibers.
- Central nerve factors.
- Psychological-personal background.
How can muscles actually demonstrate their power abilities? There are several options:
- Increase own length.
- Reduce own length.
- Without changing its own length.
- With changes in both length and muscle tension.
Dynamic muscle work - the first two cases, static work - the third, static-dynamic - the last example.
Varieties of power abilities
Based on the above, these human motor abilities are divided into additional categories:
- Speed-strength. Rapid movements of yielding or overcoming form, rapid switching from overcoming to yielding work, and vice versa. That is, actions where speed of movement is important along with speed. One of the varieties of these abilities will be "explosive strength" - the manifestation of large amounts of strength in the minimum time.
- Self-power. There will be two varieties inside. The first is holding for a certain period of maximum weights with maximum muscle tension. The second is moving objects with a large weight.
The concept of "human strength" is also divided into two groups:
- Absolute - the maximum force that will be shown by a person in any movement, regardless of the weight of his body.
- Relative -the amount of force that will fall on 1 kg of mass.
Speed ability
Speed motor abilities - a set of functional properties that ensure the performance of physical actions in the minimum time for current conditions.
These abilities appear in two forms - elementary and complex.
Elementary includes the following:
- Quick reaction of a person to a signal.
- Performance of local single movements with maximum speed for the individual.
- Sharpness - the ability to quickly start any action.
- The ability to perform certain movements at the fastest pace.
These elementary types are most often combined with other motor abilities. Their combination (complex, in other words) will form the next group. The complex category includes:
- Speed starting abilities. This is the ability to quickly pick up speed at the start of the action to the maximum individually possible.
- Range speed abilities. Reaching the maximum level of remote speed.
- Fast switching from one movement, action to a qualitatively different one.
Speed ability: the main factors of influence
Both the formation of motor abilities and their manifestation, development in this case will be influenced by the following:
- Mobility of nervous processes. What does it mean? The speed of transition of nervous processesfrom a state of rest to a state of excitement and vice versa.
- The ratio of muscle fibers, their elasticity, extensibility.
- Efficiency of coordination - intermuscular and intramuscular.
- Development of volitional qualities, strength, coordination, flexibility.
- The level of perfection of movement technique.
What is coordination?
The most general definition is the transformation of the actions of one's organs into a controlled system. On this path, a person faces many difficulties - the distribution of one's own attention between the movements of the joints, parts of the body, the need to coordinate them (movements), overcoming a large number of degrees of freedom inherent in the body, the elastic compliance of the muscles.
Motor activity requires three types of coordination:
- Nervous. Coordination of nervous processes that, through muscle tension, are able to control movements.
- Muscular. Coordination of the work of muscles transmitting from the nervous system and other senders of control commands to parts of the body.
- Motive. Coordination of combinations of movements of body parts in time and space, which should correspond to the performed motor task.
The concept of "coordination" is also important. This is the name of the harmonious combination of performed movements and the task, the conditions of activity and the state of the body.
Coordinating ability
What then will be considered motor-coordinating abilities? It is a set of properties of an individual,which manifests itself in solving various coordination complexity of motor tasks. They are responsible for its success. The basis of the motor ability here is the understanding of the task, the quick search for ways to implement it.
What specific species are they? First of all, the following stands out:
- Differentiation of various action parameters - force, temporal, spatial, etc.
- Orientation in space.
- Balance.
- Connecting and rearranging movements.
- Quick adaptation to a changing situation, an unusual task.
- Performing tasks in a specific rhythm.
- Control the duration of your motor response.
- Anticipation of various signs of movements, conditions for their implementation, changes in the environment, etc.
- Rational muscle relaxation.
Note that in life these abilities no longer appear in their pure form, but in various combinations with each other.
What is Agility?
Dexterity acts as a unifying component of all the listed coordination abilities. It is necessary to perform motor tasks in unusual, rapidly and unexpectedly changing conditions, with a complication of the situation. Dexterity allows you to quickly get out of a difficult situation, show adaptability, maneuverability, redirection of actions. This is the readiness of the individual for unpredictable and sudden, beyond his control.impact.
Agility is not a purely physical quality. A big role in improving the motor ability of the central nervous system. Many scientists call wisdom the cause of dexterity. In this case, this is a certain experience of behavior in a variety of situations.
Agility is a psycho-physical quality that cannot be measured quantitatively. It is important to note its uniqueness - for each person, the sphere of development of this ability will be individual.
Stamina
A simple and succinct definition is the ability to withstand natural physical fatigue while performing a muscular task.
There are two main criteria here:
- Time during which a given muscular work is performed.
- The constancy of the correct execution of the given actions.
As a movement ability, endurance is divided into two types:
- General. Ability to perform long-term work of moderate intensity. It is believed that this stamina is most influenced by the real environment.
- Special. This is already a kind of endurance, correlated with the task that a person performs - speed, coordination, strength. It depends on a complex of factors - the potential of the musculoskeletal system, the rational technique of owning one's own body, the speed of wasting muscle energy, etc.
General endurance serves as a special prerequisite. However, the different types of this ability are negligibly dependent on each other.from friend. So, a person with well-developed strength endurance does not always show excellent results in coordination endurance.
Flexibility
Flexibility is called certain properties of the morphological apparatus, which determine the mobility of certain parts of the human body relative to each other, are responsible for the ability to perform movements with a large amplitude.
Within you, the ability is divided into two categories:
- Active. The ability to achieve large ranges of motion by reducing muscle groups passing through a specific joint.
- Passive. The greatest amplitude of movements, which is achieved due to the application of external forces to the moving part of the body - the projectile, weights, the efforts of the sports partner, etc.
Flexibility can also be general (mobility of all joints of the body) and special (limiting mobility of specific joints that meet the requirements for a particular activity).
Here we have analyzed all types of human motor abilities. As you can see, they are not independent, but are closely intertwined.
