What is functional diagnostics? This is one of the sections of medical science that combines a number of diagnostic procedures that allow you to objectively assess the functionality of all organs and systems of the human body.
Methods of functional diagnostics
- Removing an electrocardiogram.
- Echocardiography.
- Electrocardiogram Holter monitoring.
- 24-hour blood pressure monitoring.
- Treadmill test (cardiography under stress).
- Color vascular scanning: both duplex and triplex.
- Electroencephalogram.
- Examination of ventilation abilities of the lungs and assessment of respiratory function.
Their venue is the functional diagnostics room. And now let's talk aboutvarious methods of carrying out details.
Electrocardiography
This method is the most widespread and famous, besides it is one of the main ones in this section of medicine. The electrocardiograph registers and records on paper or electronic media indicators of cardiac electrical activity, due to which the doctor of functional diagnostics can, in the course of deciphering the information received, identify many he alth problems in the patient, if any. Any disturbances of conductivity and a rhythm are found including. A specialist can assess how fully the myocardium copes with its functions, diagnose various ischemic changes even at the earliest stage of development, including such a formidable pathology as myocardial infarction. The procedure for taking an electrocardiogram does not pose any danger to the patient's he alth and is absolutely painless. It is carried out by a functional diagnostics nurse. Modern ECG recording equipment, in addition to conducting the study itself, is able to accumulate a huge amount of data in its memory, and also, on their basis, to monitor the quality of the treatment courses passed by patients.
Electrocardiogram with exercise
The second name of this method is treadmill tests of functional diagnostics. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that the electrocardiographic study is carried out not in the supine position, but while the patient is receivingphysical activity on a special track for running.
With the help of the treadmill test, you can get the following data:
- how the subject's body is tolerant to body tension;
- how does the patient's cardiovascular system respond to increased physical activity;
- does he have heart rhythm disturbances under the influence of such manipulations;
- deterioration of the quality of blood supply to the heart muscle (ischemia, especially its painless forms);
- assess how the antiarrhythmic, antiischemic or antihypertensive therapy has affected the patient's condition.
Hotler ECG monitoring
This method is used to evaluate the work of the heart of the examined person throughout the whole day. The place of its holding is the department of functional diagnostics. With the help of Holter monitoring, you can fix any kind of arrhythmia (especially those that occur from time to time, but do not last long) and identify the early stages of coronary heart disease. Such functional diagnostics is used to determine the presence of indications for cardiac surgery, coronary angiography, and correction of drug therapy.
24-hour blood pressure monitoring
This method of measuring blood pressure is carried out by almost every department of functional diagnostics. Heis used to evaluate how effective the patient's medical correction of blood pressure is. For this purpose, during the day, a portable device is connected to the patient, which records how the blood pressure levels change against the background of the patient's normal lifestyle. It is this method that often helps to reveal the true level of A / D in a person, due to the exclusion of situational hypertension that occurs as a reaction to the stress caused by a visit to a medical institution. In addition, 24-hour monitoring helps to identify such a prognostically unfavorable symptom as nocturnal hypertension.
Echocardiography
This technique is of great importance for determining the features of the structure and functioning of the heart and great vessels. Such an examination is carried out by a doctor of functional diagnostics. Echocardiography enables:
- Detect the presence of both congenital and acquired defects in the structure of the heart.
- Evaluate the structure and operation of valves.
- Determine the thickness and function of the myocardium in patients suffering from coronary heart disease, hypertension and other diseases of the cardiovascular system.
Electroencephalography
This examination makes it possible to assess the state of the brain, based on the determination of bioelectrical activity. Functional diagnostics of this organ is necessary if you suspect the presence of various neurological pathologies, such aslike:
- encephalopathy;
- frequent fainting;
- oncological diseases;
- epilepsy etc.
Color scanning (duplex and triplex)
This method is the most modern and informative in terms of studying the patient's blood vessels. It allows you to see both the vessels and the surrounding tissues, just like with a simple ultrasound, in addition, to study the blood flow using its color mapping and spectral analysis, which are based on the Doppler effect.
Color scanning (duplex or triplex) includes functional diagnostic techniques such as:
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functional diagnostic tests Scanning of brachiocephalic arteries in their extracranial sections. With the help of it, the vessels that are designed to supply the brain with blood are examined, the presence of atherosclerosis, the nature of atherosclerotic plaques, the degree of narrowing (stenosis) of the lumen of the vessels, the course of the vertebral arteries, their condition are detected; it is determined whether there is compression under the influence of cervical osteochondrosis, the state of the carotid and subclavian arteries. The indications for its implementation are dizziness, headaches, hypertension, symptoms of impaired blood supply to the brain.
- Scanning of the arteries located in the extremities makes it possible to assess the condition of the arterial walls, determine the presence of changes caused by atherosclerosis, the degree of stenosis of the lumen of the vessels, the nature of the blood flow in them. This technique is the most optimal for determining the presence of the syndromeRaynaud, obliterating atherosclerosis, as well as surgical interventions on the arteries.
- Scanning of the veins located in the extremities is a very informative method for determining the early manifestations of thrombophlebitis, varicose veins, the expediency of surgical intervention. This technique is of great importance for detecting thrombosis and determining the state of the deeply located venous network. In addition, a thorough examination of the condition of the veins located in the lower extremities is mandatory during preparation for abdominal operations.
- Transcranial scanning. Functional diagnostics of this technique makes it possible to accurately assess the state of blood flow in the vessels located at the base of the brain. Thanks to this diagnostic procedure, it became possible to determine the root causes of circulatory disorders and its degree, as well as prescribe the most correct treatment.
