Synthetic substances are the basis of many medicines. They are divided into different groups and have different effects on the human body, although many of them are used in the treatment of the same diseases or conditions. One of the commonly prescribed drugs is Ketonal Forte (tablets). Instructions for use, analogues, composition, indications are discussed in the article.
What pharmacological group does the drug belong to?
All medicines are divided into a certain number of groups according to the type and principle of functionality. The group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs includes the drug "Ketonal Forte" (tablets). The instruction to it contains all the significant information for both the specialist and the patient. Non-steroidal drugs that help to cope with inflammatory processes, fever, fever, are opposed by their name to glucocorticoids - a subclass of steroid drugs.hormones, which are also used in the treatment of many diseases and can have a large number of undesirable side effects on the patient's body.
NSAIDs are a rather extensive pharmacological group. As chemical elements, these medicinal components are divided into acids and their derivatives and non-acidic substances. The main focus of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is the suppression of the enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, which serves as a way to combat inflammation, fever, and pain. In the preparation "Ketonal Forte" (100 mg), the active ingredient is one of these substances - a derivative of propionic acid ketoprofen.
The active ingredient of the drug
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are popular in the treatment of many diseases. Their choice is sufficient to help in solving many he alth problems (temperature, pain, chills). As with all medicines, the instructions for use tell about the preparation "Ketonal Forte". Tablets in their composition have one active ingredient - ketoprofen.
In Latin, this substance is written like this: Ketoprophenum. The structure of this substance is very interesting - it is an equimolar mixture of two enantiomers, the so-called racemate. What does it mean? Ketoprofen contains two compounds, denoted by the symbols S and R, which are mirror images of each other and do not coincide in space. For Ketoprofenpharmacological activity is expressed by the enantiomer with index S.
The physical properties of the medicinal substance are as follows: fine-grained or granular powder of white or almost white color. It is odorless and does not absorb water. Ketoprofen dissolves well in acetone, benzene, strong alkalis, chloroform, ethanol, but practically does not dissolve in water at room temperature. The molecular weight of the chemical compound is 254.28. The scientific name of this substance is: 3-benzoyl-alpha-methylbenzeneacetic acid.
Pharmaceutical form of the drug
Ketoprofen is a widely used pharmaceutical substance used as a component of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Under the name "Ketonal" in pharmacies you can find a wide range of medicines. But not so long ago, the pharmaceutical company "Sandoz" (Sandoz) launched the production of enhanced drug "Ketonal Forte" (100 mg).
This medicine is only available in tablet form. The tablets are round in shape. They are biconvex, without scratches and additional engravings and have an almost white color without inclusions. Tablets "Ketonal Forte" are packed in a glass bottle of twenty pieces, each bottle is closed with a screw cap and put together with instructions for use in a cardboard box.
How does the active component work?
One of the popular anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs - "KetonalForte 100". Instructions for its use, developed by the manufacturer, indicate that it uses ketoprofen as an active ingredient, a substance belonging to the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used in medicine. It is used in the form of fumarate. Once inside the human body, this active substance has an analgesic, antiaggregatory, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory effect.
This functionality is due to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase types 1 and 2. These enzymes have a direct impact on the occurrence of the main symptoms of inflammation - pain and fever. Also, the drug "Ketonal Forte" inhibits the production of the following biologically active substances produced by the human body:
- prostaglandins, which are not pain mediators, but increase the sensitivity of nociceptive receptors to histamine and bradykinin, which prevents the development of the inflammatory process and helps to reduce pain intensity;
- leukotrienes, the main effect of which is bronchospasm, stimulation of smooth muscle tone of the gastrointestinal tract, mediation of plasma exudation and chemotaxis.
Instruction "Ketonal Forte" (100 mg) indicates that the active ingredient of the drug has anti-bradykinin activity, which can affect blood pressure. Also, the drug has a stabilizing effect on the membranes of lysosomes, which delays the release of enzymes located inside the organoid. It helps prevent tissue destructionwith chronic inflammation and intoxication of the body with their decay products.
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory substance ketoprofen reduces the production of cytokines involved in the regulation of growth, differentiation and the duration of the cell life cycle. Also, this drug inhibits the activity of neutrophils - one of the subspecies of agranulocytic leukocytes, which negatively affects the protective properties of the body against fungi and bacteria. The conducted tests of the substance ketoprofen and its lysine s alt did not reveal their carcinogenicity and significant effect on fertility.
Which path does a drug take in the human body?
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug "Ketonal Forte" (tablets 100 mg) is taken orally. Once in the gastrointestinal tract, the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation quickly and almost completely - its bioavailability is about 90%. The maximum concentration of the active component in the blood is reached after one and a half to two hours. Although for the retarded form, to which "Ketonal Forte" can be attributed, the maximum content of the drug is fixed after 2-3 hours and lasts up to 6-7 hours.
The effectiveness of the drug does not depend on food intake, because its overall bioavailability does not change from this, only adsorption slows down. As the instructions say, "Ketonal Forte" (tablets 100 mg), or rather its active component, entering the gastrointestinal tract, passes through the liver, where part of it undergoes natural biotransformation, interacting with the wholea complex of enzymes, and a part passes further into the bloodstream unchanged. 99% of ketoprofen binds to blood proteins, mainly to albumin. It is distributed throughout the body, penetrating into tissues and organs, and also passing through histohematic barriers.
At the same time, the amount of the active component in the synovial fluid is recorded lower than in the blood, but for a longer time - up to 6-8 hours. In the synovial fluid - the biomass that fills the cavity of the joints - the therapeutic concentration of the drug is slightly lower than that recorded in the blood plasma, but the drug works there for a longer time - up to twenty hours. The process of metabolism in the human body of ketoprofen takes place by glucuronidation (the process of detoxification of substances harmful or foreign to the body that occurs in the liver tissues).
As stated in the instructions for use of "Ketonal Forte", tablets release the active ingredient in the intestine. Ketoprofen, doing its job, is excreted from the body mainly by the kidneys - about 80%, and in the form of a hepatic metabolite of a glucuronic compound. This process occurs within a day after taking a medicinal dose of the drug. The half-life of a retarded dose of the drug is about seven hours. If the patient suffers from renal insufficiency, then the release of the body from the active component of the drug slows down.
The same factor is present in elderly patients who are recommended therapy with the drug "Ketonal Forte" (100 mg tablets). Instructions and reviews in this case recommend taking into accountage-related features for dosage adjustment or the use of additional therapies for a particular disease.
When is the drug prescribed?
All the important information tells about the drug "Ketonal Forte" (tablets 100 mg) instruction. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug is used in the treatment of many diseases to eliminate pain, fever, inflammation:
- gouty arthritis;
- rheumatoid arthritis;
- bursitis;
- primary dysmenorrhea;
- sciatica;
- capsulite;
- renal colic;
- myalgia;
- osteoarthritis;
- pseudogout;
- sciatica;
- muscle stretching;
- Extra-articular rheumatism;
- ankylosing spondylitis;
- psoriatic spondylitis;
- tenosynovitis;
- soft tissue bruises.
Tablets "Ketonal Forte" have the ability to stop pain of various origins, including pain after surgery and injuries. The drug effectively suppresses pain syndromes in gynecological, neurological, dental, oncological practice. Only the attending physician can recommend this medicine for use.
When is medicine prohibited?
Describes in detail about the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug "Ketonal Forte" instructions for use. It lists diseases and conditions thata ban on its use in treatment:
- asthma;
- Crohn's disease;
- hemophilia;
- hypersensitivity to both ketoprofen and other NSAIDs;
- diverticulitis;
- ulcerative colitis;
- blood coagulation disorders;
- renal and liver failure;
- peptic ulcer;
- gastric and duodenal ulcer.
This medicinal product is not recommended for use in children under the age of eighteen or in third trimester pregnant women. Only a specialist can recommend "Ketonal Forte" for use after collecting an anamnesis and making a diagnosis, taking into account the existing features of the patient's he alth status.
Caution never hurts
As the instruction says for the retarded drug "Ketonal Forte", its appointment should be determined by the diagnosis, and the patient should not have strict contraindications to treatment with this remedy. Pharmacologists have identified conditions that require careful use of this drug. Thus, pregnancy and lactation are an occasion for a thorough analysis of the benefits to the mother and the potential danger to the fetus.
Moreover, the third trimester of pregnancy is the reason for the categorical ban on the treatment of painful conditions with this medicine. Caution must also be observed in those patients who have kidney and / or liver disease. For their well-being must constantlyobserve the specialist who prescribed the treatment, controlling the work of these organs. The onset of deterioration in well-being or violations of blood counts require the abolition of therapy with the drug "Ketonal Forte".
Unwanted drug effect
According to the instructions for use, "Ketonal Forte" may cause the following undesirable side effects:
- abdominal pain;
- anorexia;
- headache;
- dizziness;
- dyspepsia;
- dyspnea;
- flatulence;
- general malaise;
- nosebleeds;
- burp;
- increased blood pressure;
- vomit;
- rhinitis;
- heartbeat;
- urinary tract irritation;
- drowsy;
- tachycardia;
- nausea;
- pharyngitis.
Medical observations have registered isolated cases of other side effects that appear during drug therapy with ketoprofen. Tell your doctor about all unwanted deviations in well-being during treatment with this drug.
Overdose
Any drug is prescribed by a specialist for use in a certain regimen and dosage. So for the drug "Ketonal Forte" (tablets) there are some peculiarities of therapy. Since one unit of this non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug contains an increased dose of the active ingredient, it must be taken differently than tablets with the usual dosage. One tablet contains100 mg of the active ingredient, this corresponds to a single dose.
It should be noted that the medicine "Ketonal Forte" should not be taken more than two tablets per day. This drug can be combined with other dosage forms containing ketoprofen, such as suppositories. In this case, the daily dose of the active ingredient should not be more than 200 mg, that is, if a 100 mg tablet was taken in the morning, then a suppository can be placed in the evening.
How to take medicine correctly?
Like many drugs, Ketonal Forte tablets must be taken strictly on the recommendation of a specialist, following the indicated regimen and dosage. Tablets are taken with meals or immediately after meals, drinking plenty of water or milk, not less than 100 ml. This does not affect the bioavailability of the drug, but helps to reduce the possible negative effect of ketoprofen on the gastrointestinal tract. Tablets do not need to be chewed, they should be swallowed whole. If the patient cannot swallow a whole tablet, the specialist will change the dosage form of the drug, for example, recommend injections.
Some features of therapy
The drug substance ketoprofen, contained in the tablets "Ketonal Forte", actively binds to plasma proteins. This factor must be taken into account if the patient is taking anticoagulants, warfarin, sulfonamides, hydantoins due to the potential risk of increasing the concentration of these drugs and theircompetition in blood plasma. The drug in question is not recommended to be taken simultaneously with other drugs of the pharmacological group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as with drugs from the salicylates group.
The risk of developing ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal mucosa increases dramatically if ketoprofen is combined with corticosteroids. Drugs related to antiplatelet agents and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, when used together with ketoprofen, provoke the development of gastrointestinal bleeding. "Ketonal Forte" reduces the effectiveness of antihypertensive drugs and diuretics. By reducing the activity of diuretics, the nephrotoxicity of NSAID therapy increases. Patients receiving drugs from the group of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may especially suffer from this effect.
Also, signs of kidney damage appear in patients receiving simultaneous therapy with ketoprofen and cyclosporine. Hyperkalemia may develop against the background of the simultaneous use of ketoprofen and potassium s alts, potassium-sparing diuretics, low molecular weight or unfractionated heparins, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, trimethoprim in the treatment. Hypoglycemic drugs, as well as some antiepileptic drugs, such as phenytoin, under the influence of ketoprofen, contribute to the deterioration of heart function in heart failure, reduce the glomerular filtration rate, but increase the concentration of cardiac glycosides in plasma.
Drug "Ketonal Forte", as well as othersdrugs based on ketoprofen reduce the excretion of lithium through the kidneys, which can cause lithium toxicity. Therefore, patients receiving therapy with lithium preparations should be constantly monitored if they need to take ketoprofen. Toxic damage to the whole body, up to death, was recorded in the treatment of drugs with ketoprofen and methotrexate.
This therapy is unacceptable due to the increase in the amount and duration of methotrexate in the blood plasma. The therapy with mifepristone allows the patient to receive treatment with the drug with ketoprofen only after 10-12 days. All the nuances of complex therapy should be taken into account by a specialist when prescribing Ketonal Forte to a patient.
Expert Opinion
Pharmacy specialists sometimes hear a request from potential buyers to replace the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug "Ketonal Forte" with analogues. Both the composition of such a drug and its form should be identical to the medicine recommended by the specialist. After all, a doctor, choosing drugs for the treatment of a particular disease, takes into account the work of the active component in a certain direction. Practitioners, based on the results of observations and feedback from patients taking Ketonal Forte, consider it an effective drug from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
When properly observed by the patient mode of application, it relieves pain and fever well, providing anti-inflammatoryaction. "Ketonal Forte" (tablets) allows you to correctly follow the instructions, since the reception is carried out only twice a day. Many experts note as a positive thing that this medicine effectively relieves pain even with certain types of cancer.
All experts who leave feedback on the drug based on ketoprofen pay special attention to the interaction of this active ingredient with other drugs. To achieve the desired result of treatment, the joint work of the drugs taken by the patient should be taken into account.
What do patients say about the drug?
One of the most frequently asked painkillers in pharmacies are Ketonal Forte tablets. Patients' comments about them are mostly only grateful, because ketoprofen as an active ingredient is an effective means of relieving pain. People who took the drug on an outpatient basis note a convenient mode of use, because the tablets should be taken only twice a day, during or immediately after meals, and therefore it is impossible to miss the next dose of the medicine.
Some patients note the cost of the drug as a disadvantage - about 200 rubles will have to be paid for Ketonal Forte tablets. Analogues of the drug can be purchased somewhat cheaper. There are also side effects of the drug. Most patients complain about the appearance of dyspeptic disorders - constipation or diarrhea, belching and metiorism. Some speak of headaches and weakness duringapplications.
Are there any similar drugs?
Ketoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is it that is contained in the preparation "Ketonal forte". In pharmacies, you can buy both different forms of drugs called "Ketonal" and synonyms for this drug. These will be tablets such as Flamax Forte, which contains 50 mg of ketoprofen in one capsule, Artrum, which contains 150 mg of the active substance, Quickcaps with 200 mg of ketoprofen.
Analogues and composition are similar, and the dosage form is the same - in the form of tablets. Other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory substances are also widely used in the treatment of various diseases. For example, ibuprofen is contained in the drugs "Baralgin", "Nurofen", "Sedalgin". The popular pain pills "Dexalgin 25" contain the substance dexketoprofen as an active ingredient.
But it should be remembered that it is impossible to take any painkillers without being examined by a specialist, finding out the cause and making a diagnosis, as well as prescribing a specific drug by a doctor. Many nuances should be taken into account in therapy with drugs such as Ketonal Forte. So visit a specialist first.
How to buy and store the drug?
The drug "Ketonal Forte" should be dispensed from the pharmacy network only according to a prescription issued by a specialist. A drugmust be stored in its original packaging - in a dark glass bottle, put in a cardboard box. This will protect the medicine from exposure to sunlight. The storage temperature should not exceed 25 degrees Celsius. The drug can be used in therapy within five years of the release date. After this time, unused tablets should not be taken and should be disposed of as household waste.
Conclusion
So, you have read the instructions for use of "Ketonal Forte" (tablets). The composition of analogues is the same as that of the drug considered in the article: they contain the substance ketoprofen. Both the drug itself and similar drugs should be used in the treatment of pain, fever and inflammation only on the recommendation of the attending physician. NSAIDs are well-deservedly popular among both specialists and patients due to their effectiveness.
