The lungs are the main respiratory organs. They fill the entire chest cavity with the exception of the mediastinum. Next, we consider the main tasks of these bodies. The article will also describe the lobes and segments of the lungs.
Functions
Gas exchange takes place in the lungs. This process is the absorption of oxygen from the air of the alveoli by blood erythrocytes and the release of carbon dioxide, which decomposes into water and gas in the lumen. So, in the lungs, a fairly close association of nerves, lymphatic and blood vessels, as well as airways is carried out. The latter begins with the early stages of phylogenetic and embryonic development.
The degree of ventilation, as well as the intensity of blood flow, the diffuse velocity of gases through the alveolar-capillary membrane, the elasticity and thickness of the elastic skeleton, hemoglobin saturation and other factors determine the level of oxygen supply to the body. When any one indicator changes, the respiratory physiology is disturbed and a number of functional disorders may occur.
Departments: general information
Segments of human lungs are sectionsparenchyma. They include the artery and bronchus. On the periphery, the elements are spliced. Unlike the pulmonary lobules, the junction sites do not contain clear connective tissue layers. Each element is represented as a cone. The apex is directed to the gates of the lung, the base - to the surface. The branches of the veins lie at the joints. There are nine segments in the left lung. There are 10 parts in the adjacent organ. The left lung has two lobes. The right side has three parts. In this regard, their internal structure is somewhat different. On the left in the lower lobe, 4 segments are distinguished. These include:
- Lower back.
- Lower outer.
- Lower inner.
- Top.
There are also reed segments of the lungs:
- Lower.
- Top.
In the lower part of the left side, it is considered more correct to highlight four segments. This is because the lower anterior and inner sections include the common bronchus.
Segments of the right lung: posterior region
This area is located dorsally from the apical one. There are 5 boundaries in a segment. Two of them are projected between the apical, superior and posterior on the medial surface. Three borders are on the costal surface. The bridge, which is formed by the anterior and posterior segments of the lung, has a vertical orientation. To the vein, artery and bronchus of the posterior element is carried out from the medial side in the dissection of the pleura of the surface of the gate or from the initial section of the horizontal groove. Between the vein and the artery is a segmental bronchus. The blood channel of the posterior element is connected to the vessel of the anterior element. Together they enter the pulmonary vein. The posterior segment is projected onto the surface of the sternum between the II and IV costal plates.
Anterior zone
This segment is located in the upper lobe. It can have five borders. Two lie along the medial surface. They separate the apical and anterior, anterior and medial segments of the lung. Three boundaries lie along the surface of the edges. They share the medial, anterior and lateral, posterior and anterior, apical and anterior segments. The artery arises from the superior main branch. Deeper than the bronchus is a vein. It is presented as a tributary from the upper branch. Bronchus and vessels in the segment during dissection of the medial pleura can be tied up in front of the gate. The anterior zone is located in the area of II-IV ribs.
Lateral section
This segment is projected from the side of the medial part only as a narrow strip that lies above the interlobar oblique furrow. The bronchus is oriented backwards. In this regard, the segment is located on the back of the middle lobe. It is viewed from the surface of the ribs. There are five boundaries in the department. Two of them lie along the medial surface, separating the anterior and lateral, lateral and medial segments of the lung. The first border runs in accordance with the final section of the oblique furrow. The other three are located on the costal surface of the organ. They separate the medial and lateral segments of the mid-lung.
The first border runs vertically. She isgoes from the center of the horizontal furrow to the edge of the oblique. The second border runs between the anterior and lateral segments. It corresponds to the location of the horizontal furrow. The third border is in contact with the posterior and anterior segments in the lower lobe. Vienna, artery and bronchus are deep. The approach to them is possible only below the gate along an oblique furrow. The lateral segment is located in the area between the IV-VI ribs.
Medial Section
It is visible both on the medial and costal surfaces in the middle lobe. There are four borders in the department. Two separate the medial section from the lateral in the lower and anterior in the upper lobes. The second border coincides with the oblique furrow. The first one runs along the front of the horizontal recess. There are also two boundaries along the costal surface. One starts from the middle of the anterior zone of the horizontal furrow, descending to the final section of the oblique. The second border separates the anterior segment from the medial. The line coincides with the location of the horizontal furrow. A segmental branch departs from the lower branch of the artery. Below it is the bronchus and centimeter vein. The approach to the segmental leg is carried out from the lower part of the gate through the interlobar oblique furrow. The border on the chest is located in the region of the IV-VI ribs along the axillary midline.
Upper bottom section
This segment is at the top. In the area of III-VII ribs in the area there are two borders. One passes between the upper section in the lower and the posterior segment in the upper lobe. The borderruns along a slanting furrow. The second line goes to the upper and lower segments of the lower part. To determine the boundaries, one should approximately continue the anterior region of the horizontal furrow from the place of its junction with the oblique. The artery of the lower branch of the common vessel approaches the upper segment. Below it is the bronchus, then the vein. Access to the gate is possible through an oblique interlobar furrow.
Medial basal region
This segment is located on the medial side below the hilum. The department is in contact with the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. The segment is separated by a border from the posterior, lateral, and anterior. A vessel departs from the lower branch of the artery to the department. The segmental bronchus is considered the highest part of the lower lobe bronchus. Below it is a vein that flows into the lower right side of the main one.
Anterior basal region
This segment is located in the lower lobe, its anterior portion. On the sternum, its location corresponds to the VI-VIII ribs of the axillary midline. There are three borders in the department. The first line runs between the lateral and anterior segments in the middle lobe. It corresponds to the oblique furrow. The projection of the second border coincides on the medial surface with the beginning of the ligament. The third line runs between the upper and anterior segments. The artery originates from the lower branch of the common arterial canal. The bronchus departs from the process of the lower lobar element of the same name. The vein enters the lower main venous branch. The bronchus and artery are visible at the bottom of the oblique furrow under the visceral pleura. A vein is found under the ligament.
Basal Lateral Section
This segment is visible on the diaphragmatic and costal sides of the lung. The department is located in the area between the VII-IX plates along the axillary back line. It has three borders. The first passes between the anterior and lateral segments. The last and medial sections are separated by the second border. The third line runs between the posterior and lateral segments. The bronchus and artery lie along the bottom of the oblique groove, the vein lies under the ligament.
Basal Posterior
This segment is located in the lower lobe. It is in contact with the spine. The segment occupies space in the region of the VII-X ribs. The department has two borders. They separate the posterior segment from the upper and lateral. Vienna, bronchus and artery run along the depth of the oblique furrow. During surgery, they are best accessible from the medial side of the lower lobe.
Segments of the left lung
The following departments are present at the top:
- Top. It almost repeats the shape of the segment of the same name in the right lung. Vein, bronchus and artery are located above the gate.
- Rear. Its lower border goes down to the V rib. The posterior and apical segments of the left lung often merge into one.
- Front. Its lower border runs horizontally relative to the third rib.
Lingular segments of the left lung:
- Front. It is located on the costal and medial sides in the region of the III-V ribs and along the mid-axillary line at the levelIV-VI plates.
- Lower. It is located under the previous section. Its border coincides with the furrow. The lower and upper lingular segments of the lungs are divided in the middle by the center of the cardiac notch.
Departments of the lower part coincide with those in the organ opposite.
Surgery: indications
In case of violation of the functions of any area, its resection (removal) is carried out. Such a need may arise in the following cases:
- Tissue destruction due to inflammation caused by infection (tuberculosis, most often).
- Regeneration of the lung in the process of tumor growth (evil and benign).
- Acquired or congenital formation of a hollow area.
- Purulent tissue breakdown against the background of a number of pathologies.
- Injuries.
Progress of operation
As a rule, he is typical. Since the lungs are hidden in the sternum, an incision is made between the ribs for better access to them. Then the plates are pushed apart with a special tool. In accordance with the size of the affected area, resection of the anatomical and functional element is carried out. For example, a lung segment may be removed. In various combinations, several sections can be resected at once.
A lobectomy can also be performed. This intervention involves the removal of a lobe of an organ. In rare cases, marginal resection is performed. This operation is atypical. It is the suturing and removal of the damaged area onoutside of the lung. As a rule, this type of resection is performed for injuries that are characterized by a small amount of damage.
