Maternal, or decidual, tissue is located between the embryo and the uterus, it is necessary for the implantation of the fetal egg, the development of the fetus, the birth of a he althy child.
Conception
A mature female reproductive cell is able to give rise to a new life. The egg, surrounded by millions of spermatozoa in the fallopian tube, allows only one to enter, merges with it into one. For the first 24 hours, the fertilized egg is the most viable; it endures the impact of damaging environmental factors without negative consequences. This is due to the high ability to regenerate.
By the 4-5th day from the moment of fertilization, this nucleus, having gone a long way, enters the uterine cavity. By this time, the fertilized egg has already divided many times, acquired new capabilities, necessary functions.
The egg secretes a special enzyme that can dissolve the endometrium - the membrane that lines the uterine cavity. After the fertilized egg has chosen a place for itself, dissolved a section of the endometrium in it, freed up a place for itself to live, it is introduced into the uterine cavity. This continues for about 2 days. Hole above implant siteovergrown, forming a kind of roof for her house. Then the moment the fertilization process ends.
The mucosa produces the secret necessary to nourish the embryo - royal jelly.
The initial stages of fetal development are characterized by the appearance of the three membranes, the amniotic fluid, surrounding, protecting and nourishing the fetus.
Shells of the ovum:
decidual tissue;
fuzzy;
water
Functions of the decidua
By the time the fetal egg arrives, the endometrium turns into a decidual membrane that provides the conditions necessary for the vital activity of the embryo. The development of the fetal egg and the transformation of the endometrium must proceed simultaneously, otherwise implantation will not occur, the pregnancy will be terminated at early stages.
The falling off membrane is the maternal part of the placenta, which explains its functions:
Nutrition as it contains glycogen, lipids, mucopolysaccharides, s alts, trace elements, enzymes, immunoglobulins
Protection, as it takes on all pathogenic microorganisms, toxins, harmful substances
Development, because after all the nutrients are used up, it begins to synthesize carbohydrates, fats, proteins, hormones
Immune and endocrine functions
Possible violations in the shell structure
There are numerous territorial and regional programs of observation, treatment of pregnant women, women in labor, newborns. requirementprograms is the study of the placenta, regardless of the gestational age, the method by which delivery was performed. Decidual tissue is examined in scraping.
The purpose of this study is:
recognition and consideration of existing risk factors for disease during pregnancy;
timely prevention of newborn diseases;
treatment, prevention of complications of pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum period;
assessment of the quality, timeliness of dispensary registration of pregnant women;
identifying causes of infant mortality;
disclosure of the causes of fetal death
The entire examination is performed urgently, using differentiated diagnostic methods. The interpretation of the results is done in relation to the mother and child.
Decidual tissue may be with the following changes:
hemorrhage;
necrosis;
gap;
inflammation;
thickening
All the information received is entered into the medical documentation of the woman and the newborn, the history of pregnancy, childbirth, illness, outpatient cards, and is taken into account during the outpatient dispensary registration.
Necrosis
Necrosis is the death of local tissue that develops at the site of inflammation when the blood supply to the tissue is interrupted and exposed to microorganisms and their metabolic products. In this case, the immune, endocrine, secretory function of the membrane is disturbed, the decidual tissue begins to disintegrateand rejected.
Hyalinosis
Hyalinosis is a type of degeneration and thickening of tissue, in which it becomes similar to cartilage. The reason for the development of hyalinosis of the decidual tissue is still not fully understood. But it leads to heavy bleeding, premature birth, stillbirth.
Inflammation
Impaired blood supply, increased vascular permeability, edema, excessive formation of cells of the altered area characterizes inflammation. A large number of blood cells rush to the site of inflammation, a decidual tissue appears with leukocyte infiltration, which at first has an adaptive character. But with the progression of the process, the tissue is saturated with a huge number of leukocytes, pus appears. Even after successful treatment of the purulent process, adhesions will inevitably form, which can lead to infertility. This is how inflamed decidual tissue is dangerous.
The reasons for this may be: endometritis, inflammation of the amniotic fluid, when the infection is spread by contact. Accompanied by hemorrhages, which can lead to abortion for a period of about 3 months of pregnancy. Decidual endometritis is manifested by abundant whites in the first months after conception. With the progression of the process, a late miscarriage, increment, premature detachment of the placenta, uterine involution develops.
Hemorrhage
There is decidual tissue with hemorrhages. This develops in the process of outflow of blood outside the vessel with increased permeability of the wall,melting it with pus or destruction by a pathological process. Observed in spontaneous abortions, tubal pregnancy, chorionic carcinoma.
Gap
Sometimes a rupture occurs and only fragments of decidual tissue remain. Premature rupture of the membranes leads to a long anhydrous period, accompanied by an increased risk of infection, bleeding. Develops with infections, blood diseases, diabetes, the presence of a large number of abortions during previous pregnancies.
The shell can increase in volume in the presence of inflammation, degeneration, threatened miscarriage.
Causes of changes in the decidua
Genetic pathology of the fetus
Inflammatory processes of the uterus
Circulatory failure
Infections
Hemolytic disease
Extragenital pathology: diabetes mellitus, heart defects, diseases of the blood, thyroid gland, nervous system
To prevent the threat of termination of pregnancy, it is necessary that it be desired. It is necessary to prepare, plan in advance, lead a he althy lifestyle, exclude alcohol and smoking, cure all somatic and infectious-inflammatory diseases.
Before planning pregnancy, it is necessary to take blood and urine tests (for blood clotting, hormones), find out the mother's blood type, and be examined for hidden infections. Both parents undergo blood type, Rh factor and examination for latent infections. To the list of required blood tests forinfections include: toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes.
In case of pregnancy, it is advisable to register at the antenatal clinic as early as possible, visit the doctor regularly, follow all his recommendations, take the required tests on time.
