Probably, each of us at least once did a blood test. And this is not surprising, because it can tell a lot about the work of our body. During diseases, antibodies appear in the body, their hormonal composition changes, the proportions of blood components change, etc. After receiving the results, the doctor should decipher the blood test. Sometimes there is an urgent need to figure it out and decipher the result yourself.
The skill of deciphering a blood test will help people determine the norms of their test results and their deviations. This is especially true for those who take care of their bodies and get tested regularly for prevention.
Consequently, everyone will need the ability to decipher a blood test, general analysis.
Composition of human blood
Blood is mostly made up of a fluid called plasma, which in turn is mostly water. That is why you can constantly hear advice about the importance of drinking and the danger of dehydration, because the blood becomes viscous due to lack of water. In addition, it contains other elements - platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes.
These elements will be the main ones in the blood test with decoding in adults with the norms in the table. It will be provided a little later.
Here you can briefly explain what the main function of blood components is:
- erythrocytes are transporters, they have a transport function, they are engaged in the delivery of oxygen to all organs of the body;
- leukocytes have a protective function;
- platelets are coagulators, they cause clotting and form a blood clot at the site of damage to the vessel to prevent bleeding.
Blood counts
Without knowledge of the designations of the main indicators of the analysis, no decoding of the blood test will be possible. The results of the general analysis will include Latin abbreviations and abbreviations, the meanings of which will be discussed below. They are very useful in deciphering a blood test, a general analysis:
- leukocytes are denoted by the letters WBC;
- Ig are immunoglobulins, also belong to leukocytes, they have specific granules in the structure;
- leukoformula is a proportional ratio of all leukocytes;
- RBC is an abbreviation,meaning erythrocytes, red blood cells (red bood cells).
Coagulation index - well, everything is clear here, it will mean the level of coagulation in case of any damage to soft tissues with subsequent rupture of blood vessels:
- PLT - means coagulator cells, i.e. platelets (platelets).
- ESR - stands for erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
- HCT is the English abbreviation for hematocrit. Hematocrit refers to the percentage of red blood cells.
- LYM stands for lymphocytes (lymphocytes).
- HGB - reflects the name of hemoglobin and shows how much it is contained in the body (hemoglobin).
Features of a general blood test
Before touching on the topic of a blood test and decoding in adults, the norms of indicators, you should familiarize yourself with some of the features of the analysis.
The main rule is to take tests on an empty stomach. Blood is taken from the ring finger and placed in special test tubes with a pipette. By the way, the needle used for a blood test is called a scarifier.
In the future, blood in test tubes, usually from several people at once, is placed in a special apparatus - a centrifuge. Under the action of centrifugal force, the blood in test tubes is subjected to separation into heavy and light components. Heavier elements, usually erythrocytes, settle to the bottom of the tube, while lighter elements - plasma - rise to the surface. Platelets are, as a rule, intermediate elements by weight and are located after centrifugation between erythrocytes andplasma.
After centrifugation, the samples are placed on a glass slide and the material is examined microscopically. In most cases, microscopic examination is carried out automatically and the number of all blood elements is determined, after which the result is displayed on a form with Latin designations. The decoding of a blood test in adults in the table will be described below. Transcription tables for children and adults are significantly different, do not forget about it!
Deciphering blood tests in adults in the table
In order not to run endlessly to the doctors, there is a little helper who will decipher the blood test. With this data, you do not have to spend a lot of money and time. A table of decoding the general blood test will be clearly shown below. The first column will contain indicators, then the norm depending on gender and a brief description of the indicator.
A blood test table with decoding for adults will better display the most complete view of a standard blood test. It makes it easy to interpret the result. Do not worry if there are minor deviations from the norm.
Transcripts of blood tests, table
Indicators |
Description |
Normative values |
| RBC |
Erythrocytes. As already mentioned, these cells are involved in the transport of oxygen, and the protein found in erythrocytes is not onlytransports oxygen to tissues, but also removes spent CO2. Changes in the value of the number of erythrocytes, both up and down, can mean that a person has a disease. If the indicators are higher than the normative value, this will threaten the appearance of gluing of erythrocytes in the vessels and, as a result, can cause their blockage and rupture, followed by internal hemorrhage. |
- female from 3.8 to 5.5 x 1012; - for men from 4.3 to 6.2 x 1012. |
| HGB, Hb |
Hemoglobin. Low blood levels cause anemia. |
The values do not depend on gender and in principle do not differ and are equal to 120 - 140 g per liter. |
| HCT | As already mentioned, the abbreviation stands for hematocrit. | Men - 39% to 49%, women - from 35% to 45%. |
| RDWc | The indicator indicates the width of the distribution of erythrocytes. Will be increased if the RBCs have different widths. | From 11.5% to 14.5%. |
| MCV | Denotes the volume of each red blood cell. | 80 to 100 femtoliters. |
| MCH | The content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes, the average value. The indicator decreases with iron deficiency anemia and with a lack of certain vitamins in the body - B12 and folic acid. | From26 to 34 picograms. |
| MCHC | This indicator reflects the average concentration of hemoglobin protein in red blood cells. Tellingly, elevated values of this indicator are practically not found in people. | From 30 to 370 grams per liter. |
| PLT |
This indicator indicates the number of platelets in the blood. An increase in their number is noted after serious open wounds with profuse blood loss, as well as after some operations, especially after the removal of internal organs. |
From 180 to 320 × 109 per liter. |
| WBC | Designation of leukocytes. | 4.0 to 9.0 × 109 per litre. |
| LYM. LY | Lymphocytes. | 25 to 40% |
Children's blood tests
In the case of children, a blood test helps to more accurately diagnose a disease, because often the child cannot really express his symptoms to the doctor. Depending on what kind of analysis the doctor prescribes, it can be complete and superficial.
When there is little cause for concern and the symptoms are not serious, then an analysis is prescribed to detect only three blood parameters: ESR, the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes. This will allow you to get a general picture of the child's he alth and prescribe appropriate treatment. In other cases, the blood is checked completely, again they are checked for all the same indicators as in adults. The only thing that will differ is the performance standards.
In children, the organs and the entire hematopoietic system function somewhat differently, respectively, and the blood test and interpretation in children will differ slightly from adults, since there are some discrepancies in the norms of blood test indicators.
In addition, there are three age groups in the blood test for children:
- first birthday;
- month;
- half a year;
- year from birth;
- six years;
- 7-12 years old;
- 13-15 years old.
Blood chemistry
A biochemical blood test is taken from a vein, the decoding of which helps to draw a conclusion about various inflammatory processes in the body. It is carried out in the morning, on an empty stomach, so that the indicators are not distorted. Here are blood tests with decoding and norms in the table for review.
Indicators |
Norma |
Description and diseases |
| Simple protein | 62-87 grams per liter. | Due to deviations, various kinds of oncological diseases occur. |
| Glucose | 3, 1-5, 4 mmol per litre. | Increased values indicate a possible development of diabetes. |
| Nitrogen | 2, 4-8, 4 mmol per litre. | Increasing the rate promises kidney failure. |
| Creatinine |
Normally from 52 to 98 micromoles per liter, this is in women. 60 to 116 µmol per liter for men. |
Creatinine may increase, possibly due to high animal protein intake. In addition, dehydration and liver problems are the cause of abnormalities. |
| Cholesterol | 2.3 to 6.5 mmol per litre. | Large numbers indicate abnormalities in the cardiovascular system and liver diseases. |
| Bilirubin | 5, 0-20, 0 µmol per litre. | Increasing the value provokes hepatitis. |
| Amylase |
From 5.0 to 60 units per liter, this value will be for children from the first birthday to two years. 25 to 130 units per liter for adults and children over two years of age. |
It increases with pancreatitis. |
| ALT | Up to 30 units per liter in women and up to 42 units. per liter for men. | The same liver diseases and failures in its work bring down the norm. |
| Lipase | 27 to 100 units per litre. |
The reason for the increase is a number of diseases, such as diabetes, peritonitis and kidney failure. Also affects levels and hepatitis. |
HIV blood test
A blood test for recognizing HIV infection is very specific and has some of its own characteristics. It also happens that blood, analysis and decoding of the table for the first time cannot confirm the presence of the virus with absolute certainty. It will be especially inaccurate if the analysis was done almost immediately after the person came into contact with a person with HIV infection.
Moreover, it happens that the results of blood tests with interpretation fall into the hands of unqualified and inexperienced laboratory technicians, who draw erroneous conclusions.
Basically, for the reliability of the results of the analysis, they are sent either for re-analysis, which will be carried out only six months after the last analysis, or they do the F50 analysis. This test only identifies specific bodies in the blood of a person who is a carrier of HIV infection.
ELISA blood test
ELISA analysis helps to identify a number of diseases in a person. Here antibodies are subjected to various measurements, both qualitative and quantitative. In addition, the ELISA test successfully determines the presence of disorders and diseases in the gastrointestinal tract and detects, for example, the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Such an analysis diagnoses diseases very accurately, up to 90%.
Blood test for endocrine gland hormones
Performed to analyze human blood hormones. Based on this analysis, a conclusion is made about the work of some human glands.
Thisa blood test and decoding in adults with norms will be presented below. The quantitative and percentage ratio of hormones produced by the endocrine glands of the body is determined.
Blood test and interpretation in adults with the norms in the table is only an approximate picture of standard indicators.
Indicator |
Explanation |
Norms |
| TTG | This is thyroid stimulating hormone. Its production is carried out by a gland (pituitary gland) located in the brain. She controls the functioning of the thyroid gland. | From 0.45 to 4.10 honey. per litre. |
| T3 | Triiodothyronine. An analysis for triiodothyronine is prescribed for hyperthyroidism - excessive thyroid function. |
1.05 to 3.15 nmol per liter. Note: for older people, the values will be slightly lower. |
| TT4 | Thyroxine. If there is even a slight discrepancy with the norm in the indicator, then this will indicate a failure in metabolism. | Women - 71.2 to 142.5 nmol per liter, for men - from 60.74 to 137.00 nmol per liter. |
| TG | Thyroglobulin. This is a specific protein found in the thyroid gland. He should also be fine. | The norm is around 60 ng per milliliter. |
| AT-TPO | Thyroperoxidase antibodies. | About 5.65 units per milliliter. |
Serological analysis
In this case, blood sampling will be from a vein. Basically, such an analysis identifies sexual diseases. It shows the body's antibodies in the blood, which are produced in some, in most cases, sexually transmitted diseases.
With the definition of the norm of indicators in this case, everything is quite simple and boils down to the fact that if there are no antibodies to these diseases, then you are he althy. Conversely, even with the slightest indicators, there is a high probability that you are sick with some kind of disease.
A blood test for the presence of a cancerous tumor
Cancer by its nature arises from he althy cells in the body, but for some reason, these cells begin to divide randomly, living their lives. As a rule, these are cells of a protein nature and in the course of their life they secrete specific decay products, thanks to which it is possible to analyze for the detection of a tumor in a particular area of the human body.
Immunoglobulin identification test
Here, the analysis determines the immunoglobulin in the blood, its amount. Its norms will diverge depending on the age of the person:
- From 0 to 200 units per milliliter will be in people aged 10 to 15.
- 0 to 95 units per milliliter of normal value for children aged 6 to 9.
- From 0up to 65 units per milliliter in children from one year to 5 years.
- 0 to 12 units per milliliter would apply to very young children.
Pregnancy blood test
This referral is given to women who experience sudden delays in their menstrual cycle, but routine pregnancy tests show negative results. In this case, the blood is examined for the presence of a specific hCG hormone. It is detected only in cases where a woman has a fetus, an embryo. This hormone will show different results depending on the gestational age.
Deciphering a blood test, a general analysis for the hCG hormone:
- 0 to 5 IU per milliliter - no pregnancy.
- From 25 to 300 IU per milliliter - the period is two weeks.
- From 1500 to 100000 IU per milliliter - from three to nine weeks.
