DPT vaccine is a modern and reliable way to prevent various dangerous diseases. Vaccination is done so that the child does not get sick with diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus. It is known from the history of medicine that at the beginning of the last century, every fifth child was ill with diphtheria, in half of the cases the problem provoked a fatal outcome. Tetanus killed 85% of patients. Currently, people in countries not covered by universal vaccination still suffer from these diseases, which cause the death of almost a quarter of a million people every year. In addition, before the advent of the DTP vaccine in the arsenal of doctors, whooping cough was carried by up to 95% of the inhabitants of the planet. This disease is especially dangerous for young children and can also cause complications and death.
Do I need this?
The development of a DTP vaccine has helped to tame a planetary epidemic. Infectious diseases, from which it saves, are much less common in recent years than decades ago. At the same time, there is an amazing, as many believe, situation: entire movements of activists are being created againstthe use of vaccinations. Parents believe that immunization can only harm the child, and the risks associated with it are not worth the candle, because the diseases that the vaccine should protect against have already been defeated. Unfortunately, things are not as simple as one would like to believe.
The DTP vaccine is an adsorbed vaccine that allows you to simultaneously protect a child from three terrible diseases at once. It is designed to prevent both pathologies and the consequences, complications to which they can lead. Currently, vaccination is done in most countries of our world. Basic components - tetanus toxoids, purified diphtheria toxoids, inactivated pertussis elements.
In our country, DTP vaccination (vaccine) is of two types: manufactured by domestic pharmaceutical enterprises and imported. Both options are widely used. The former is cheaper and easier to obtain, while foreign products seem more reliable to many.
How does it work?
The main idea of the DTP vaccine: the vaccine activates the child's immune system, provoking a specific response. In the future, if the baby encounters infectious agents, the immune system will immediately recognize the source of danger and destroy it before a serious infection occurs. Almost immediately after the introduction of the combined composition of toxins into the body, elements of microbes begin activity similar to the scenario for the development of the disease, which means that protective factors, phagocytes, antibodies, interferons are activated. As long-term observations have shown, suchthe effect allows you to get a stable, reliable immunity, so in the future the child will not be afraid of infections.
When choosing which DTP vaccine is best, there are two main types to consider:
- cellless form;
- cellular.
The first option includes whooping cough in the form of antigens that have previously undergone a purification procedure, as well as tetanus toxoids, diphtheria. All these molecules will be the sources of the immune response, which means that when faced with the pertussis component, side reactions will be minimal. When choosing which DPT vaccine is better from this category, you should take a closer look at Pentaxim and Infanrix.
Cellular - these are DPT options that include dead pertussis bacteria, toxoids (diphtheria, tetanus). In general, this form provokes side effects much more often, and their severity is more significant than when choosing the option described above.
Everything has its time
Regardless of whether the Russian or imported DPT vaccine (Pentaxim or Infanrix) is used, the procedure will be effective only if it is done according to the established schedule. It was developed by scientists who analyzed the characteristics of the response of the body of young children to pathogens.
The first injection is given at the age of three months. Such an early period is explained by the specifics of the dependence of children's immunity on maternal onanism: the first 60 days from the moment of birth, the baby's body contains antibodies transmitted by the mother, but after this time, the protection disappears.
Primary injection can bedo by choosing the Russian DTP vaccine, but you can stop at the imported version. Whatever decision is made, parents should be aware of the possibility of a reaction of the child's body to the administered composition. On average, domestic drugs often lead to a negative response.
The first use of the DTP vaccine is indicated at the age of up to four years, inclusive. If at this point the shot has still not been given, the child is given a Td vaccine.
Keeping on course
If the drug was used in due time, the next stage - as it reaches 4, 5 months (the introduction of the DTP vaccine is indicated 45 days after the initial injection). At the same time, the reaction from the immune system is enhanced. To minimize the negative effects, it is reasonable to use the same drug that was used for the first time. Doctors pay attention: if the first injection provoked an atypically strong negative reaction, a composition that does not include whooping cough elements is used for the second injection.
The third stage of vaccination is at the age of six months. As medical practice shows, even good DPT vaccines at this stage usually cause a fairly strong reaction of the child's body.
The last step is at the age of one and a half. This injection is easily tolerated by most children, severe reactions are extremely rare.
To maintain the formed immunity, it is necessary to inject the drug into the body from time to time. Both imported and domestic vaccines can be used. DTP is shown at the age of six and fifteen. You need to remember:only compliance with all the instructions of the manufacturer and the doctor, as well as the schedule, is the key to the effectiveness of the program.
Preparation stage
In order not to face the complications of the DTP vaccine, it is reasonable to properly prepare the child before injections. In particular, you can reduce the risk of an allergic reaction if you stop using vitamin D a few days before the injection. Immediately before the event, the baby is given allergy medications (antihistamines), as well as calcium gluconate. Medication is continued for four days after vaccination.
Whatever DTP vaccine is used - French, Belgian, domestic - it can cause a high temperature. To alleviate the condition of the child, a couple of hours after the administration of the drug, compounds that bring down the fever are used.
Doses of all medicines used in preparation for vaccination and during the program should be selected by the doctor, focusing on the child's condition, individual characteristics, and the specifics of the body's reaction.
Vaccination nuances
The instructions for use of the DPT vaccine (any manufacturer) indicate that a single dose of the drug is 0.5 ml. Before starting the procedure, the ampoule is heated to the temperature of the human body, then mixed until the substance becomes homogeneous.
If it was not possible to make a second injection within the established time frame, the drug will have to be administered as soon as the child's condition allows. The management process itself should be carried out according to the standards of hygiene, sanitation, asepsis,antiseptics. If the ampoule was opened, but for some reason it was not possible to use the medication, it must be disposed of. Storage of a substance in an opened ampoule is strictly unacceptable.
If a child has already had whooping cough, the composition of the DPT vaccine is not suitable for him. Instead, an ADS drug is used.
It is important to follow the rules of use and be careful when choosing a medication. For an injection, the medicine is not used if the shelf life of the product has expired, the integrity of the ampoule is broken, or the substance was stored in the wrong conditions, different from those recommended by the manufacturer. Do not use DTP if the drug is packaged in unmarked ampoules or the internal contents have acquired a certain shade, a precipitate has appeared that does not dissolve during the manipulations described above.
Subtleties of application
Immediately after the injection of the drug, this fact is recorded in a special ledger. The nurse responsible for the procedure enters the date of the procedure, indicates the composition of the DTP vaccine, the manufacturer of the medication, the expiration date, the series, the number of the specific composition used.
Injection must be done into muscle tissue. With the correct administration, the compounds are quickly absorbed, and the response from the immune system is formed correctly. Before the introduction of the composition, the area of \u200b\u200bthe skin where the injection is planned is disinfected with alcohol. At the age of less than six months, the DTP vaccine should be administered according to the instructions in the thigh muscle. For older children, the recommended other localization of the injection is the brachial deltoid muscle.
If possiblethe introduction of the drug into the gluteal muscle tissue should be avoided. There is a high risk of damaging the sciatic nerve, even if the event is conducted by an experienced nurse.
Injection done: what's next?
After the introduction of the DTP vaccine, children are left for half an hour on the territory of the clinic. If the use of the drug provokes a severe allergic reaction, doctors will immediately be able to provide qualified assistance to the baby. After that, the parents and the child are released. Once at home, it is necessary to give the child a pill for high fever. Medicines containing paracetamol are recommended. Syrups are suitable for small children, but candles can be used. There is no need to wait for the temperature to rise - the drug is used an hour or two after the introduction of the vaccine. Shortly before sleep, you can give the baby funds that stop inflammatory processes (they can be provoked by the introduction of the DTP vaccine). Most Popular Names:
- Nurofen.
- "Nimesulide".
If the vaccine has caused a fever, it is wise to stop walking for a while. On the day of the drug administration, massage, water procedures should be avoided. Parents should control the condition, behavior of the child, check the temperature.
Re-vaccination
Since the diseases that DTP prevents are dangerous not only for children, but also for adults, it is necessary to periodically re-come for injections. This will allow you to control the concentration of antibodies in the circulatory system. As can be seen from the reviews, doctors recommend the DTP vaccineonly for children, but ADS-M will have to do every decade from the age of 24. This is due to the fact that whooping cough is safe for a he althy adult.
By making the decision to neglect the next injection of the drug, thereby a person exposes himself to an increased risk of contracting an infectious disease. However, even if you have to deal with the pathogen, the disease will be transferred in a mild form if the DTP vaccine was delivered in the past. Reviews confirm: adherence to the schedule recommended by specialists allows you to prevent significant he alth problems, costing little blood.
Negative consequences: what to prepare for?
Type of DPT vaccine - reactogenic. This group includes the drug, since short-term adverse reactions are observed in nine out of ten children who received the drug. Effects are local, but there may be systemic responses. Mostly, undesirable effects are observed in the first three days after the introduction of the substance into muscle tissues.
If negative reactions appeared after this period, the reason is not the DTP vaccine, but some other factors. Which ones, the doctor will be able to say - you will have to make an appointment and show the sick child.
Normal, adequate adverse effects of vaccine administration:
- heat;
- pain in the injection site;
- violation of the functionality of the limb into which the drug was injected.
Against the background of vaccination, fever can last up to three days. Almost all persons who are given an injection face this reaction of the body,therefore, doctors recommend foreseeing the consequences in advance and stocking up on drugs containing paracetamol. They are given within an hour or two after the introduction of DTP. If the temperature has risen to the level of 38 degrees, but not more, candles from the heat can be used before going to bed. If this threshold is exceeded, special syrups will help, which stop the inflammatory processes that the DTP vaccine can cause. The names of popular remedies have been mentioned above. Most often resort to "Nurofen".
Consequences and methods of their elimination
If the site of the vaccine is sore, swollen, reddening of the skin, it is reasonable to use an alcohol compress. This will lessen the discomfort and will not cause harm or reduce the effectiveness of the drug.
Violation of the functionality of the limb due to the small muscle mass of the child. For this reason, the drug is rather poorly absorbed (in comparison with the processes occurring in the body of an adult). Therefore, the DTP vaccine can cause temporary limping, soreness when walking. To alleviate negative manifestations, it is reasonable to wipe the affected areas with a heated towel, gently massage the leg.
Against the background of the injection, the child may feel weak, complain that his head hurts. Possible violation of the chair, sleep. Some kids become whiny, irritable and very moody. To some extent, it is possible to prevent negative consequences from the gastrointestinal tract if you do not feed the baby one and a half hours before the introduction of the composition and the same amount of time after the procedure. If loose stools are observed,the child is given safe sorbents approved for use at a tender age. Most often they resort to activated charcoal or "Smecta", but you can use "Enterosgel".
Some kids lose their appetite, refuse to eat, and others have a cough. This reaction is more often explained by the element of whooping cough, administered together with other substances. Cough exhausts itself in a few days (up to four) after the introduction of the substance. If the manifestation bothers you longer, it makes sense to show the child to the doctor. Probably an infection unrelated to the injection.
Finally, allergic reactions are possible, including a rash. Skin manifestations disappear after a few days. If the treated area is very itchy, antihistamine formulations can be used.
Vaccination and reaction
All answer options are usually divided into three categories:
- weak;
- medium;
- heavy.
In the first case, the child feels unwell, the temperature rises to the subfebrile level. With an average answer, the state of he alth is pronouncedly bad, but the temperature is not higher than 38 degrees. The child is not behaving normally. The most difficult scenario is a severe response to vaccination. The baby does not eat, is apathetic, and the temperature rises to 39 degrees. If the temperature reaches 40 degrees and above, DTP is not used in the future, ATP is chosen instead.
Doctors note that after the next injection, the reaction to the medication is usually somewhat weaker on the part of the body as a whole, but localmanifestations from time to time will disturb more. The third injection causes the most unpleasant consequences, but the fourth one is the easiest to tolerate.
Complications
DTP is known to cause severe he alth consequences for children. In such a situation, urgent help from a qualified doctor is needed. It has been reliably established from observations that the vaccine can provoke:
- dermatitis;
- angioedema;
- lower pressure;
- impaired blood supply to vital organs;
- anaphylactic shock;
- convulsions without fever (indicates damage done to the nervous system).
You can notice a decrease in pressure if the skin turns pale, the limbs are cold, and the child feels weak.
Possible signs suggestive of encephalitis. Statistics show that the risk of such consequences is one in 300,000 cases. Manifestations:
- continuous crying (up to 4 hours);
- formation of a bump at the injection site (size - more than 8 cm in diameter);
- fever up to 40 degrees and above, not reduced by special drugs.
One in half a million vaccinated develop inflammation in the brain, spinal cord.
Absolutely not allowed
A list of contraindications is known for DTP. Neglect of them can cause the development of a severe response of the body, so it is important to take into account the established restrictions. Manufacturers must publish a list of contraindications in the instructions for use.the use of the drug. Parents should read it, as well as the nurse responsible for the procedure.
It is unacceptable to give injections with the following features of the child's condition:
- tuberculosis;
- pronounced immunodeficiency;
- severe CNS disorders;
- blood clotting problems;
- past severe allergic response to vaccine;
- convulsive history;
- hepatitis (in any form);
- hypersensitivity to one of the compounds used in the manufacture of the vaccine.
You can not do the DTP vaccine if, during the last injection, the composition provoked a fever of up to 40 degrees or more or caused a large bump at the injection site (8 cm in diameter or more).
All of the listed contraindications are absolute, must be taken into account without fail, and the withdrawal, if any, is for life.
Relative contraindications are possible, in which the procedure for administering the vaccine is shifted by two to three weeks. These include:
- acute infectious diseases;
- heat;
- exacerbation of a chronic disease;
- signs of poisoning;
- epigastric pain, stool disorder;
- appetite loss;
- strong stressful situations.
The vaccine is not given if the child is teething.
Types of drugs
Most often, a planned procedure is carried out using a domestic drug. It is more affordable, it is available in any city in our country, and the pricerelatively low. However, parents have the right to choose: you can purchase an imported drug. The DTP vaccine is commercially available under the following names:
- ADS.
- DPT.
- Pentaxim.
- Infanrix.
Each of the compositions has its own unique features. It is believed that imported products are easier to tolerate by the body and less likely to provoke side effects.
DTP
The basis of this remedy is no less than a hundred billion whooping cough in inactivated form. Diphtheria toxoid is present in the amount of 15 flocculating units, and tetanus is three times less. The manufacturer introduced an auxiliary compound into the product - merthiolate.
DTP is not currently sold in retail pharmacies, so the composition cannot be freely purchased. The substance is manufactured by a domestic pharmaceutical manufacturer. DPT is available in ampoules containing a white, slightly grayish suspension. The substance is intended to be injected into the muscle. The manufacturer draws attention to the fact that normally a cloudy precipitate may form, which dissolves in the total mass when shaken.
Infanrix
The drug is also available as a suspension injected into a child's muscle. The drug was developed by a Belgian pharmaceutical company and is packaged in disposable ampoules. Each container contains 0.5 ml of medication. Infarix is suitable for both primary and booster vaccinations. The manufacturer indicates possible negative consequencessubstance use:
- fever (within three days);
- runny nose;
- swelling, redness of the skin at the injection site;
- tearfulness;
- apathy;
- soreness of ENT organs;
- disturbance of functionality, discomfort in the limb into which the substance was injected;
- allergy.
At least one of these side effects occurs in nine out of ten children vaccinated for the first time.
To alleviate the child's condition, shortly after the drug is injected, a fever reliever and antihistamines are given. If the injection site is swollen and swollen, compresses help.
It is forbidden to use the composition if:
- temperature increased;
- infectious disease detected;
- there is a mention of severe pathologies in the medical history;
- teeth cutting.
Recently, quite a few combined drugs have been developed that simultaneously provide protection against four or even more types of diseases. Popular are "Infanrix IPV", "Infanrix Hexa". The first allows you to prevent not only the diseases that DTP saves from, but also polio, and the second also protects against Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B.
Pentaxim
This analogue of the Russian DTP vaccine is produced by a French pharmaceutical company. In addition to tetanus, diphtheria toxoids and whooping cough components, the drug contains hemagglutinin, three varieties of polio strains (dead particles of the virus). The product looks like a suspension of cloudy whiteshade. The package contains both a syringe with this composition and a hemophilic component, in which tetanus toxoid is mixed. Right before the procedure, the nurse examines the instructions for the product, mixes all the substances, following the manufacturer's instructions, and introduces the composition to the child.
Like other DPT vaccine options, Pentaxim can cause negative effects such as:
- redness of the skin, swelling, induration at the injection site;
- fever that lasts up to three days;
- tearfulness;
- irritability;
- allergy;
- when vaccinated in the leg - short-term lameness;
- loss of appetite.
From the statistics it is known that severe negative effects on the background of the use of the French drug occur very rarely. All the side effects that it causes are easily eliminated by antihistamines, antipyretics. In order not to provoke deterioration, you should spend several days at home, avoid water procedures.
ADS
For four-year-old children and older people, it is recommended to use this particular release option. It contains components of tetanus and diphtheria, but there is no whooping cough, since by the age of four children are mostly already immune to the pathogen. Vaccination is needed to strengthen and prolong the ability of the immune system to defend itself against infectious agents that provoke tetanus, diphtheria. Injections are given at 7 and 15 years old, after which they are repeated at ten-year intervalsall life. It is known from medical practice that a negative side effect of the drug is a slight reddening of the skin in the injection area, but more severe reactions do not develop. ADS is very well tolerated.
