Blood diseases are dangerous, widespread, the most severe of them are generally incurable and lead to death. Why is such an important system of the body as the circulatory system exposed to pathologies? The reasons are very different, sometimes not even dependent on a person, but accompanying him from birth.
Blood diseases
Blood diseases are numerous and varied in origin. They are associated with the pathology of the structure of blood cells or a violation of their functions. Also, some diseases affect plasma - the liquid component in which cells are located. Diseases of the blood, the list, the causes of their occurrence are carefully studied by doctors and scientists, some have not been able to determine so far.
Blood cells - erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Erythrocytes - red blood cells - carry oxygen to the tissues of the internal organs. Leukocytes - white blood cells - fight infections and foreign bodies that enter the body. Platelets are colorless cells responsible for clotting. Plasma - proteina viscous fluid that contains blood cells. Due to the serious functionality of the circulatory system, most blood diseases are dangerous and even intractable.
Classification of diseases of the circulatory system
Blood diseases, the list of which is quite large, can be divided into groups according to their area of distribution:
- Anemia. A condition of pathologically low levels of hemoglobin (this is the oxygen-carrying component of red blood cells).
- Hemorrhagic diathesis - clotting disorder.
- Hemoblastosis (oncology associated with damage to blood cells, lymph nodes or bone marrow).
- Other diseases that do not belong to the above three.
This classification is general, it divides diseases according to the principle of which cells are affected by pathological processes. Each group contains numerous blood diseases, a list of which is included in the International Classification of Diseases.
List of diseases affecting the blood
If you list all the diseases of the blood, the list will be huge. They differ in the reasons for their appearance in the body, the specifics of cell damage, symptoms, and many other factors. Anemia is the most common pathology affecting red blood cells. Signs of anemia are a decrease in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin. The reason for this may be their reduced production or large blood loss. Hemoblastosis - most of this group of diseases is occupied by leukemia, or leukemia - cancerblood. During the course of the disease, blood cells are converted into malignant tumors. The cause of the disease has not yet been elucidated. Lymphoma is also an oncological disease, pathological processes take place in the lymphatic system, leukocytes become malignant.
Myeloma is a blood cancer in which plasma suffers. The hemorrhagic syndromes of this disease are associated with a clotting problem. They are mostly congenital, such as hemophilia. It is manifested by hemorrhages in the joints, muscles and internal organs. Agammaglobulinemia is a hereditary deficiency of serum plasma proteins. There are so-called systemic blood diseases, their list includes pathologies affecting individual body systems (immune, lymphatic) or the entire body as a whole.
Anemia
Let's consider the blood diseases connected with pathology of erythrocytes (list). Types of the most common:
- Thalassemia is a violation of the rate of hemoglobin formation.
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia - develops as a result of a viral infection, syphilis. Drug-induced non-autoimmune hemolytic anemia - due to poisoning with alcohol, snake venom, toxic substances.
- Iron deficiency anemia - occurs when there is a lack of iron in the body or with chronic blood loss.
- B12 deficiency anemia. The reason is the lack of vitamin B12 due to insufficient intake from food or a violation of its absorption. The result is a disturbance in the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract.
- Folic acid deficiency anemia - occurs due to a lack of folic acid.
- Sickle cell anemia - red blood cells are sickle-shaped, which is a serious hereditary pathology. The result is slow blood flow, jaundice.
- Idiopathic aplastic anemia is the absence of tissue that reproduces blood cells. Possible with irradiation.
- Family erythrocytosis is a hereditary disease characterized by an increase in the number of red blood cells.
Diseases of the group of hemoblastoses
These are mainly oncological diseases of the blood, the list of the most common includes varieties of leukemia. The latter, in turn, are divided into two types - acute (a large number of cancer cells, do not perform functions) and chronic (it proceeds slowly, the functions of blood cells are performed).
Acute myeloid leukemia - disorders in the division of bone marrow cells, their maturation. Depending on the nature of the course of the disease, the following types of acute leukemia are distinguished:
- without ripening;
- maturing;
- promyelocytic;
- myelomonoblastic;
- monoblastic;
- erythroblastic;
- megakaryoblastic;
- lymphoblastic T-cell;
- lymphoblastic B-cell;
- panmyeloid leukemia.
Chronic forms of leukemia:
- myeloid leukemia;
- erythromyelosis;
- monocytic leukemia;
- megakaryocytic leukemia.
The above are taken into accountchronic diseases.
Letterer-Siwe disease - the germination of cells of the immune system in different organs, the origin of the disease is unknown.
Myelodysplastic syndrome is a group of diseases affecting the bone marrow, such as subleukemic myelosis.
Hemorrhagic syndromes
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is an acquired disease characterized by increased blood clotting and blood clots.
- Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn is a congenital deficiency of a blood clotting factor due to vitamin K deficiency.
- Deficiency of clotting factors - substances that are in the blood plasma, mainly proteins that ensure blood clotting. There are 13 types.
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (Werlhof's disease). It is characterized by staining of the skin due to internal bleeding. Associated with low blood platelets.
Defeat all blood cells
- Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. A rare genetic disorder. It is caused by the destruction of blood cells by lymphocytes and macrophages. The pathological process takes place in various organs and tissues, as a result, the skin, lungs, liver, spleen, and brain are affected.
- Hemophagocytic syndrome due to infection.
- Cytostatic disease. Manifested by cell deathare in the process of dividing.
- Hypoplastic anemia - a decrease in the number of all blood cells. Associated with cell death in the bone marrow.
Infectious diseases
The cause of blood diseases can be infections that enter the body. What are infectious diseases of the blood? Most frequently seen list:
- Malaria. Infection occurs during a mosquito bite. Microorganisms penetrating the body infect red blood cells, which are destroyed as a result, thereby causing damage to internal organs, fever, chills. Usually found in the tropics.
- Sepsis - this term is used to refer to pathological processes in the blood, the cause of which is the penetration of bacteria into the blood in large numbers. Sepsis occurs as a result of many diseases - these are diabetes mellitus, chronic diseases, diseases of the internal organs, injuries and wounds. The best defense against sepsis is a good immune system.
Symptoms
Typical symptoms of blood diseases are fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, loss of appetite, tachycardia. With anemia due to bleeding, dizziness, severe weakness, nausea, fainting occur. If we talk about infectious diseases of the blood, the list of their symptoms is as follows: fever, chills, itching of the skin, loss of appetite. With a long course of the disease, weight loss is observed. Sometimes there are cases of perverted taste and smell, as in B12 deficiency anemia, for example. There are pains in the bones when pressed (with leukemia), swollen lymph nodes, pain in the right or left hypochondrium (liveror spleen). In some cases, there is a rash on the skin, bleeding from the nose. In the early stages of blood disorders, there may be no symptoms.
Treatment
Blood diseases develop very quickly, so treatment should begin as soon as a diagnosis is made. Each disease has its own specific features, so the treatment is prescribed in each case. The treatment of oncological diseases, such as leukemia, is based on chemotherapy. Other methods of treatment are blood transfusion, reducing the effect of intoxication. In the treatment of oncological diseases of the blood, transplantation of stem cells obtained from bone marrow or blood is used. This newest way to fight the disease helps restore the immune system and, if not overcome the disease, then at least prolong the life of the patient. If the tests allow you to determine which infectious blood diseases the patient has, the list of procedures is aimed primarily at eliminating the pathogen. This is where antibiotics come in.
Reasons
Many blood diseases, the list is long. The reasons for their occurrence are different. For example, diseases associated with the problem of blood clotting are usually hereditary. They are diagnosed in young children. All infectious diseases of the blood, the list of which includes malaria, syphilis and other diseases, are transmitted through the carrier of the infection. It can be an insect or another person, a sexual partner. Cancer diseases such asleukemia, have an unexplained etiology. The cause of blood disease can also be radiation, radioactive or toxic poisoning. Anemia can occur due to poor nutrition, which does not provide the body with the necessary elements and vitamins.
