The normal functioning of the human body is an extremely complex set of many processes, one of which is water-s alt metabolism. When he is in a normal state, a person is in no hurry to improve his own he alth, but as soon as really noticeable deviations arise, many immediately try to apply various measures. To prevent this from happening, it is best to figure out in advance what constitutes a water-s alt exchange, and for what reason it is so important to maintain it in a normal state. Also in this article we will consider its main violations and ways to restore it.
What is this?
Water-s alt metabolism is the combined intake of electrolytes and liquids into the body, as well as the main features of their assimilation and further distribution in internal tissues, organs, environments, as well as all kinds of processes for removing them from the human body.
The fact that people themselves are more than half made up of water, every person knows since childhood, while the fact that the total amount of fluid in our body changes and is determined by a sufficiently large amount is quite interesting.factors, including age, total fat mass, as well as the number of those same electrolytes. If a newborn person consists of water by approximately 77%, then an adult man includes only 61%, and women - even 54%. Such a low water content in the body of women is due to the fact that they have a slightly different water-s alt metabolism, and there is also a fairly large number of fat cells.
Main Features
The total amount of fluid in the human body is set approximately as follows:
- Approximately 65% is allocated to intracellular fluid, as well as associated with phosphate and potassium, which are an anions and cations, respectively.
- Approximately 35% is extracellular fluid, which is mainly in the vascular bed and is tissue and interstitial fluid.
Among other things, it is worth noting the fact that water in the human body is in a free state, is constantly retained by colloids, or is directly involved in the formation and breakdown of protein, fat and carbohydrate molecules. Different tissues have a different ratio of bound, free and constitutional water, which also directly affects the regulation of water-s alt metabolism.
In comparison with blood plasma, as well as a special intercellular fluid, tissue is distinguished by the presence of a sufficiently large amount of magnesium, potassium and phosphate ions, as well as not such a large concentration of calcium, sodium, chlorine and special bicarbonate ions. Such a differencedue to the fact that the capillary wall for proteins has a rather low permeability.
Proper regulation of water-s alt metabolism in he althy people ensures not only the maintenance of a constant composition, but also the required volume of body fluids, maintaining acid-base balance, as well as an almost identical concentration of essential osmotically active substances.
Regulation
You need to correctly understand how the water-s alt exchange works. The functions of regulation are carried out by several physiological systems. First, specialized receptors respond to all sorts of changes in the concentration of osmotically active substances, ions, electrolytes, as well as the volume of fluid present. In the future, the signals are sent to the human central nervous system, and only then the body begins to change the consumption of water, as well as the release of it and the necessary s alts, and, thus, the systems regulate the water-s alt exchange.
The excretion of ions, water and electrolytes by the kidneys is under the direct control of the nervous system and a number of hormones. In the process of regulation of water-s alt metabolism, physiologically active substances produced in the kidney also take part. The total sodium content inside the body is constantly regulated mainly by the kidneys, which are under the control of the central nervous system, through specialized natrioreceptors that constantly respond to the occurrence of any changes in the sodium content inside the body fluids, as well as osmoreceptors and volumoreceptors,continuously analyzing extracellular osmotic pressure as well as circulating fluid volume.
The central nervous system is responsible for the regulation of potassium metabolism inside the human body, which uses various hormones of water-s alt metabolism, as well as all kinds of corticosteroids, including insulin and aldosterone.
The regulation of chlorine metabolism directly depends on the quality of the kidneys, and its ions are excreted from the body in the majority of cases with urine. The total amount of excreted sodium chloride directly depends on the diet used by the person, the activity of sodium reabsorption, acid-base balance, the state of the tubular apparatus of the kidneys, as well as the mass of other elements. The exchange of chlorides is directly related to the exchange of water, therefore the regulation of water-s alt metabolism in the body also affects many other factors in the normal functioning of various systems.
What is considered normal?
A huge number of different physiological processes occurring inside our body directly depend on the total amount of s alts and liquids. At the moment, it is known that in order to prevent a violation of water-s alt metabolism, a person needs to drink approximately 30 ml of water per day for every kilogram of his own weight. This amount is quite enough to supply our body with the necessary amounts of minerals. In this case, water will spill over various cells, vessels, tissues and joints, as well as dissolve andin the future, wash out all kinds of waste products. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the average amount of water consumed during the day by a person practically does not exceed two and a half liters, and this volume is often formed like this:
- up to 1 liter we get from food;
- up to 1.5 liters - by drinking plain water;
- 0.3-0.4 liters - formation of oxidative water.
The regulation of water-s alt metabolism in the body directly depends on the balance between the amount of its intake, as well as excretion over a certain period of time. If during the day the body needs to get about 2.5 liters, then in this case, approximately the same amount will be excreted from the body.
Water-s alt metabolism in the human body is regulated by a whole complex of various neuroendocrine reactions, which are mainly aimed at constantly maintaining a stable volume, as well as osmotic pressure of the extracellular sector, and, most importantly, blood plasma. Although the various mechanisms for correcting these parameters are autonomous, both are extremely important.
Due to this regulation, the maintenance of the most stable level of concentration of ions and electrolytes, which are part of the extracellular and intracellular fluid, is achieved. Among the main cations of the body, it is worth highlighting potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium, while the anions are bicarbonate, chlorine, sulfate and phosphate.
Violations
It is impossible to say which gland is involved in water-s alt metabolism, since a huge number of various organs take part in this process. It is for this reason that in the process of the body's work a wide variety of violations can appear, indicating this problem, among which the following should be highlighted:
- appearance of edema;
- accumulation of a large amount of fluid inside the body or, conversely, its deficiency;
- electrolyte imbalance;
- increase or decrease in osmotic blood pressure;
- change in acid-base state;
- increase or decrease in the concentration of certain ions.
Case studies
It is necessary to understand correctly that many organs are involved in the regulation of water-s alt metabolism, therefore, in the vast majority of cases, it is not immediately possible to establish the specific cause of the problem. Basically, the water balance is directly determined by how much water is entered and removed from our body, and any violations of this exchange are directly related to the electrolyte balance and begin to manifest themselves in the form of hydration and dehydration. The extreme expression of excess is edema, that is, too much fluid contained in various tissues of the body, intercellular spaces and serous cavities, which is accompanied by electrolyte imbalance.
In this case, dehydration, in turn, is divided into two main types:
- without an equivalent amount of cations, at whichcontinuous thirst is felt, and the water contained in the cells enters the interstitial space;
- with sodium loss that comes directly from the extracellular fluid and is usually not accompanied by thirst.
Various disturbances of the water balance are manifested when the total volume of circulating fluid decreases or increases. Its excessive increase is often manifested due to hydremia, that is, an increase in the total amount of water in the blood.
Sodium exchange
Knowledge of various pathological conditions in which changes occur in the ionic composition of blood plasma or the concentration of certain ions in it is important enough for differential diagnosis of a number of diseases. All kinds of disturbances in sodium metabolism in the body are represented by its excess, deficiency, or various changes in its distribution throughout the body. The latter occurs in the presence of a normal or altered amount of sodium.
Scarcity can be:
- True. Occurs due to the loss of both water and sodium, which often manifests itself with insufficient intake of s alt, as well as excessive sweating, polyuria, extensive burns, intestinal obstruction, and many other processes.
- Relative. It can develop due to excessive administration of aqueous solutions at a rate that exceeds the excretion of water by the kidneys.
Excess is also distinguished in a similar way:
- True. It is the cause of the introduction of any saline solutions to the patient, too much consumption of ordinary table s alt, all kinds of delays in the excretion of sodium by the kidneys, as well as excessive production or excessively prolonged administration of glucocorticoids.
- Relative. It is often observed in the presence of dehydration and is the direct cause of overhydration and the further development of all kinds of edema.
Other problems
The main disturbances in the metabolism of potassium, which is almost completely (98%) in the intracellular fluid, appears to be hyperkalemia and hypokalemia.
Hypokalemia occurs when there is an excessive amount of production or when aldosterone or glucocorticoids are administered from the outside, which cause too much potassium secretion in the kidneys. It can also occur in the case of intravenous administration of various solutions or an insufficient amount of potassium entering the body with food.
Hyperkalemia is a common consequence of trauma, starvation, reduced blood volume, and over-administration of various potassium solutions.
Recovery
It is possible to normalize the water-s alt metabolism of the kidneys using specialized pharmaceutical preparations that are developed specifically to change the total content of electrolytes, water and hydrogen ions. Support and regulation of the main factors of homeostasis is carried out through interconnected workexcretory, endocrine and respiratory systems. Any, even the most insignificant changes in the content of water or electrolytes can lead to quite serious consequences, some of which even threaten human life.
What is prescribed?
To normalize the water-s alt metabolism of a person, you can use the following:
- Magnesium and potassium asparangiate. In the vast majority of cases, it is prescribed solely as an adjunct to the main therapy in the event of heart failure, various cardiac arrhythmias, or the occurrence of myocardial infarction. It is fairly easily absorbed when taken orally, after which it is excreted by the kidneys.
- Sodium bicarbonate. It is mainly prescribed in the presence of peptic ulcer of the duodenum and stomach, metabolic acidosis, as well as gastritis with high acidity, which occurs when intoxications, infections or diabetes mellitus occur, as well as during the postoperative period. Quite quickly neutralizes the hydrochloric acids of gastric juice, and also provides an extremely fast antacid effect and increases the total release of gastrin along with the secondary activation of secretion.
- Sodium chloride. It is taken in the presence of large losses of extracellular fluid or in the presence of its insufficient intake. Also, quite often, doctors recommend using it for hyponatremia, hypochloremia, intestinal obstruction and all kinds of intoxications. This remedy has a rehydrating anddetoxification effect, and also provides restoration of sodium deficiency in the presence of various pathological conditions.
- Sodium citrate. It is used to ensure the stabilization of blood counts. It is a binder for calcium, as well as an inhibitor of hemocoagulation. It further increases the total sodium content in the body and increases the alkaline reserves of the blood, which provides a positive effect.
- Hydroxyethyl starch. It is used during operations, as well as for burns, injuries, acute blood loss and all kinds of infectious diseases.
Thus, you can normalize the water-s alt metabolism and return the body to its normal state. Only a highly qualified doctor should choose a specific course of treatment, since you can significantly worsen the condition on your own.
