Due to various circumstances, a variety of pathological processes can develop in the human body. One of them is hemic hypoxia. Because of this, the biological processes that continuously occur in the body are disrupted. This entails a number of failures, poor he alth of a person. Features of hypoxia, its varieties and mechanisms of development will be discussed further.
Description of pathology
Hemic hypoxia is a fairly common pathology. The causes and mechanisms of its development deserve special attention. It is worth noting that this is a pathological process in which the body begins to experience a lack of oxygen. It develops as a result of insufficiency of oxidative biological processes. Due to hypoxia, the energy and plastic processes in the body are disrupted.
This condition can develop due to both internal and external reasons. Failures in exchangeprocesses of the body or insufficient supply of oxygen during breathing causes such deviations.
There are different causes of hemic hypoxia. At the same time, such a condition should be considered not as a syndrome or diagnosis, but as a general pathological process. Often it is called in everyday life oxygen starvation. It leads to the development of various diseases. Hypoxia is not considered as an ailment. This is a cumulative biological process that can affect a variety of organs and tissues, such as inflammation or dystrophy. It determines the development of pathological changes in the future.
With the development of hypoxia, disturbances are determined at the cellular level. They are conditionally divided into 2 groups. This may be decompensation or adaptive reactions. The second manifestations occur at the very beginning of hypoxia. At this time, the body is still able to maintain the relatively correct functioning of tissues and organs.
But with prolonged oxygen starvation, the body's resources are depleted. Adaptive reactions cannot be maintained for a long time. Then comes decompensation. At this stage, changes in tissues and organs become irreversible. First, there is oxygen deficiency at the level of organs, and then death occurs.
Development mechanism
Considering the pathogenesis of hemic hypoxia, it is worth noting that compensatory reactions occur at the cellular level. The effects that occur at this time are aimed at increasing the supply of oxygen to the tissues. Consistent compensatory reactions are provided by the organsrespiratory and cardiovascular systems. Also, the biochemical processes in the body begin to occur differently in tissues that are most deficient in oxygen.
While compensatory reactions last, organs and tissues do not experience a serious oxygen deficiency. But at the same time, it is extremely necessary to restore its normal intake into the body. If this does not happen, a gradual, slow decompensatory process will begin in the tissues. The cells are damaged. The whole organ they belong to starts to malfunction.
Hemic hypoxia is characterized by various manifestations. The pathophysiology of this process deserves special attention. There is an acute and chronic form of hypoxia. They show up in different ways. In acute hypoxia, during compensatory reactions, blood circulation and respiration increase. Tachycardia also appears, the pressure rises. The person begins to breathe often and deeply. The load on the heart increases. Now it is forced to pump more blood. During acute hypoxia, all reserves of red blood cells leave the bone marrow and spleen.
Such processes make it possible to enhance the process of oxygen delivery to cells. To do this, more blood passes through the vessels. If hypoxia is not only acute, but also severe, there is a redistribution of resources. Blood rushes to vital organs, and it almost completely leaves other systems. Therefore, the heart and brain begin to receive a significant portion of blood. At the same time, the muscles and organs of the abdominal cavity begin to experienceacute lack of blood supply.
Thanks to such processes, if acute hypoxia is eliminated in a timely manner, a person will be able to survive. All organs and systems that did not receive the required amount of blood will eventually work normally. But with prolonged hypoxia in an acute form, compensatory reactions become ineffective. There are irreversible changes that will remain even when the supply of the required amount of oxygen is resumed.
In the chronic form of hypoxia, compensatory processes develop against the background of various diseases. At the same time, the number of erythrocytes in the blood increases. These cells also undergo changes that facilitate the transfer of oxygen. In chronic hypoxia, the number of alveoli increases in the lungs. Breathing becomes deep, and the volume of the chest increases. The heart also increases, and the number of blood vessels in the lungs grows.
Tissue cells also undergo changes. They increase the number of mitochondria, activates blood microcirculation. Because of this, a pinkish tint appears on the skin. Some mistake this appearance for a he althy blush.
Adaptive reactions in acute hypoxia are reflex. Therefore, when the supply of a sufficient amount of oxygen to the blood resumes, organs and tissues that were previously deficient in it begin to work normally. Reactions in the chronic form of pathology are not reflex. Therefore, even after the elimination of oxygen starvation, organs and systems cannot immediately return to their previous mode of operation. In some cases, the body mayadapt well to conditions of chronic hypoxia that will not suffer from lack of oxygen.
Varieties
What is the difference between hemic and tissue types of hypoxia? These processes have slightly different causes of development. To determine the main features of hypoxia, you need to consider its types. According to the mechanism of development, it can be exogenous and endogenous. In the first case, this condition is also called hypoxic hypoxia. This type of oxygen starvation is due to the characteristics of the environment.
Endogenous hypoxia is caused by diseases that a person has. Hemic (or blood) hypoxia also belongs to this category. It may be anemic or due to hemoglobin inactivation. In the first case, a person has a low level of hemoglobin. In the second form of hemic hypoxia, erythrocytes do not perform their functions in full.
Blood hypoxia is caused by a decrease in the oxygen capacity of the blood. It loses the ability to attach oxygen to hemoglobin. Most often, this phenomenon is observed in carbon monoxide poisoning. Anemia, hemolysis of red blood cells can also lead to this type of hypoxia. In addition to blood oxygen starvation, it happens:
- Respiratory. It is also called pulmonary or respiratory.
- Circulation. Manifested in violations of the functions of the cardiovascular system. This type of pathology can be congestive or ischemic.
- Fabric. It is also called hytoxic hypoxia.
- Substrate.
- Reloading.
- Mixed.
Development speed
The following types of hypoxia are distinguished by the rate of development:
- Instant (lightning). Lasts no more than 2-3 minutes, but develops in just a few seconds.
- Spicy. It develops in several tens of minutes, but not more than 2 hours.
- Subacute. Oxygen starvation lasts from 3 to 5 hours.
- Chronic. Can last for years.
Description of hemic anoxia
What causes hemic hypoxia? This condition develops in case of violation of the quality characteristics of the blood. It reduces the amount of hemoglobin. Depending on the provoking factor, this type of hypoxia may be due to changes in the characteristics of hemoglobin or anemic. Its treatment also depends on the type of pathology.
With anemic hypoxia, the amount of hemoglobin in the blood decreases. The reasons for this phenomenon may be fluid retention in the body or anemia of any type. These violations occur in different circumstances.
The causes of hemic hypoxia of the second form are quite specific. Such a pathology develops due to poisoning with toxic gases, substances. Because of this, forms of hemoglobin appear that lose their ability to carry oxygen molecules.
In anemic hypoxia, hemoglobin binds normally. But there is too little of it in the blood, which does not allow providingnormal functioning of organs and systems. Because of this, chronic hypoxia often develops.
Hemic hypoxia is a dangerous condition for humans. The reasons for it may be different. This, for example, may be a violation of the ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen molecules, the pathology manifests itself in an acute form. Hemoglobin in sufficient quantities passes through the lungs. But, having changed its properties, it cannot be saturated with oxygen. Therefore, the organs are deficient in it. Poisoning can occur with chemicals such as carbon monoxide, nitrates, sulfur, nitrites, etc. They bind to hemoglobin in the body, affecting its properties.
Causes of anemia
In laboratory conditions, it can be revealed that a person develops hemic hypoxia. The causes of the pathology of the anemic type are different. For example, it can be certain diseases. So, in men, a chronic lack of iron in the body or other important trace elements or vitamins can lead to a similar condition. Because of this, metabolic processes proceed incorrectly.
Hormonal disruptions, heavy menstruation, pregnancy and childbirth, lactation can lead to a lack of hemoglobin in the blood in women. Women are diagnosed with anemia more often than men.
In both sexes, the hemic type of hypoxia caused by a lack of hemoglobin can be caused by hidden diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, manifested with intestinal erosion, hemorrhoids, peptic ulcer. Also, to a similar outcome canlead to parasitic diseases, benign or malignant neoplasms.
In addition, with the wrong diet, starvation develops anemia in people of any age and gender. Especially this condition is often diagnosed in women who are trying to lose weight. Strict diets have a negative impact on general well-being, lead to the development of anemia and oxygen starvation. Therefore, it is important to include meat, milk, eggs, legumes, a lot of greens, cereals in the diet. In this case, the unpleasant symptoms that accompany hypoxia will soon pass.
Poisoning
Signs of hemic hypoxia are also determined in case of poisoning with various chemicals. In this case, the amount of hemoglobin in the blood is sufficient, but it is not able to carry oxygen. Poisoning can happen in different circumstances. Most often, this happens during a fire. If a person inhales carbon monoxide, he develops acute hypoxia.
However, not many people know that, in addition to carbon monoxide, inhalation of cigarette smoke, car exhaust, solvents, etc. leads to similar consequences. Nitrates and nitrites are found in some chemicals. So, you can get poisoned by substances such as aniline, berthollet s alt, methylene blue, naphthalene, potassium permanganate, and more.
Other poisonous substances
Blood-type hypoxia can be diagnosed after a person has come into contact with the following substances:
- Anestezin.
- Vikasol.
- Aspirin.
- Hydroxylamine.
- Red blood s alt.
- Novokan.
- S altpeter.
- Nitric oxide.
- Sulfanilamide preparations (eg Biseptol).
- Phenylhydrazine.
- Phenacetin.
- Citramon.
- Quinones.
Toxic substances, in contact with hemoglobin, change its quality. In addition to the listed methods of poisoning, a person can suffer during the production of silage, during acetylene welding, as well as in contact with defoliants, herbicides, explosives, etc.
Symptomatics
Hemic hypoxia is characterized by special manifestations. Symptoms appear in all forms, except for fulminant. In this case, the symptoms simply do not have time to appear. With lightning-fast hypoxia, rapid death occurs (no more than 2 minutes).
The acute form lasts for 2-3 hours. Oxygen deficiency manifests itself in several organs and systems at once. Breathing speeds up, as does the heart rate. Blood pressure drops. Further, if the causes of hypoxia are not eliminated, the person falls into a coma. Agony ensues, followed by death.
Symptom in subacute form
In the subacute form of hemic hypoxia, hypoxic syndrome develops. First of all, disorders of the central nervous system develop. It is the brain that is most sensitive to lack of oxygen. Necrotic foci quickly appear in its tissues. As a result, hemorrhage may occur. Because of this, a person feels euphoria at an early stage. His state becomes agitated, he cannot sit still. At the same time, a person usually does not understand how serious this phenomenon is.
If hypoxia is not eliminated, inhibition of the functions of the cerebral cortex appears. The manifestation of this condition is similar to alcohol intoxication. There is drowsiness, dizziness, lethargy and tinnitus. The person may feel headache and lethargy. Sometimes there is an involuntary discharge of feces and urine, vomiting, nausea. First, you can observe a disorder of coordination of movements, and then convulsions. The latter appear in the presence of external stimuli. First, the muscles of the face begin to twitch, then convulsions are observed in the arms and legs. Then erratic contractions of the abdominal muscles join.
When chemical poisoning occurs, the skin becomes pinkish. The pressure drops, the person falls into a coma. At the same time, brain functions fade. If the pressure drops below 20 mm Hg. Art., a person dies.
In chronic hemic hypoxia, the symptoms are less pronounced. Over time, they may disappear altogether. The person gradually adapts.
