In the article we will consider the development of the respiratory system.
Most of the metabolic processes in tissues and cells proceed with the participation of oxygen. The process of oxygen entering the blood from the atmosphere is called external respiration, which is carried out by a complex of respiratory organs. In total, the respiratory surface area is about 160 square centimeters, which is about 80 times the surface of the entire dermis, and the total number of alveoli in the lungs reaches 300 million.
Internal breathing
Also secrete internal respiration - the process of gas exchange between cells and blood. Here the respiratory complex is not directly involved, but it is impossible without an external one.
Non-respiratory functions
Respiratory complex, except for the mainfunctions of gas exchange, performs some non-respiratory functions that are associated with metabolism and blood circulation: the lungs take part in lipid metabolism, activation of certain biosubstances, the production of coagulation factors, and the regulation of heat transfer. In addition, they purify the air from microbes and dust, participate in immune reactions, and perform a protective function. An important role in the physiology of the respiratory system and the body as a whole is played by the endocrine components of the epithelium of the respiratory tract.
The respiratory system includes the respiratory section and airways.
Development of the respiratory system
The trachea, bronchi and respiratory section of the lungs develop from the material of the ventral wall located in the foregut and is a derivative of the prechordal plate.
In the process of lung development, there are three stages. The glandular stage covers embryogenesis at 5-16 weeks. During this period, the lungs look like a tubular gland. At the same stage, the formation of the airways occurs. At the canalicular stage (4-6 months), respiratory bronchioles develop. This process is accompanied by intensive proliferation of capillaries. During the alveolar stage (6-9 months), alveoli and alveolar ducts form.
The epithelium is of prechordal origin and develops in the respiratory and airways. The process is accompanied by the formation of respiratory epitheliocytes, endocrinocytes, goblet exocrinocytes, ciliated epithelial cells and other cellulardifferentials that interact with each other during operation. The capillary network braiding the alveoli, the elastic cartilaginous and hyaline tissue of the bronchi, smooth muscle tissue, and fibrous connective tissue are differentiated from the mesenchyme that surrounds the bronchial tree. Nerve elements are derivatives of the neural tube.
Throughout embryogenesis, the alveoli have a collapsed state. After the baby is born and takes its first breath, they fill with air, expand and straighten out.
Not everyone knows about the development of the respiratory system.
Air-conducting function
The air-conducting function is performed by the intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary bronchi, trachea, larynx, nasopharynx, and nasal cavity. The inhaled air in the airways is cleaned from dust, moistened, heated to a temperature close to body temperature.
In the nasal cavity there are olfactory and respiratory areas, vestibule. The vestibule is lined with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, which has short bristly hairs that clean the air from dust impurities. As the epithelium deepens, it becomes non-keratinized, and the glands and hair disappear. The respiratory region is lined with a membrane consisting of a ciliated multi-row epithelium and its own connective tissue plate. The structure of the epithelium is dominated by goblet exocrinocytes and ciliated epithelial cells.
In the frontal and maxillary sinuses, the epithelium is similar in structure toepithelial layer of the respiratory part in the nasal cavity.
Visions
Among the congenital malformations of the human respiratory system are:
- Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, in which the abdominal organs move into the chest cavity.
- Williams-Campbell syndrome, characterized by generalized congenital bronchiectasis due to the absence of cartilage. What other malformations of the respiratory system can a person have?
- Congenital bronchiectasis, in which segmental expansion of the bronchi is observed due to hypoplasia of their elements.
- Intralobar sequestration, which is cystic hypoplasia of the lung.
- Hypoplasia of the lung, in which there is an insufficient development of the respiratory section and a violation of the branching of the bronchi.
Risk factors
Let's look at the main risk factors for developing diseases of the respiratory system.
Specialists distinguish between removable and irremovable factors. Unremovable is heredity. Some pathologies arise due to the action of a hereditary factor, for example, bronchial asthma.
Among the avoidable factors are: smoking, exposure to allergens and occupational harmful substances (alkalis, acid fumes, dust), air pollution, obesity, malnutrition, weakened immunity.
Means and methods for the development of the respiratory system
To minimize the chancedevelopment of pathologies of the respiratory system, it is recommended to follow a number of tips:
- Need to stop smoking and avoid passive smoking. Smoking is a determining factor in the development of obstructive pathologies, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, and lung cancer.
- Exposure to respiratory hazards and allergens should be minimized. These include industrial substances, smog, pollen, acrid smoke, chemical fumes, dust.
- It is important to strengthen the immune system. Being in poorly ventilated and closed rooms contributes to the weakening of the respiratory organs.
- It is important to control your own weight.
- It is necessary to adhere to the rules of a he althy diet, make sure that the diet is saturated with vitamins, trace elements, nutrients.
Periodic medical monitoring of the condition of the respiratory system is important. Thus, the development of the respiratory system and its he alth are completely dependent on the person.
