The hematopoietic system is being studied by scientists around the world. The he alth of the whole organism depends on its full functioning. What can be the problems of the hematopoietic structure, will be discussed in this article.
Research results
Scientists have determined how the body reacts during emergencies when it needs to produce more blood cells. The study reports that when tissue is damaged during excessive bleeding or during pregnancy, a secondary emergency-type system is activated in the spleen.
Hematopoietic stem structures reside primarily in the bone marrow, and most new cells form here under normal circumstances. But when hemopathic stress occurs, the hematopoietic system works in such a way that its area of influence expands to the spleen. Hematopoietic stem cells migrate there from the bone marrow. In this hemopathic organ, the formation of new structures occurs.
What happens in the spleen
Normally, very few hematopoietic stem cells are produced in the spleen. But those who create a supportive environment for them are ready to respond during hemopathic stress, and receive an influx of hematopoietic stem structures from the bone marrow.
Characterizing the microenvironment or niche that supports blood formation in the spleen, the CRI research team, for example, used mouse models to study the expression of two known stem cell factors.
Similar to bone marrow
Researchers have found that the hematopoietic system in the spleen is located near the sinusoidal blood vessels and is created by endothelial and perivascular cells, as is the microenvironment in the bone marrow.
Under emergency conditions, the endothelial and perivascular cells that reside in the spleen are induced to proliferate. Therefore, they can support all new hematopoietic stem structures that migrate to the spleen. This data was provided by researchers from the American Institute.
This process in the spleen has been found to be physiologically important in response to hematopoietic stress. Without it, tissues would not be able to maintain normal cell numbers during pregnancy or quickly rebuild their volume after bleeding or chemotherapy.
Based on this new information about the role of emergency spleen backup in the formation of blood cells in the hematopoietic system, effective therapies for many incurable diseases may be developed in the future. It will also help improve the formation of newblood cells, accelerating their recovery after chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation.
While a cure for HIV infection may not be available soon, research data is one step closer to solving the problem.
Experiments and research
Regenerative medicine and stem cell scientists have taken an artificial molecule and injected it into hematopoietic stem cells to drastically suppress HIV in mice.
A molecule called a chimeric antigen receptor has been injected into hematopoietic stem cells, which can develop into any type of structure, including T cells. The latter occur after the entry of viruses and bacteria into the body. HIV, however, was able to rapidly mutate and evade T cells.
By studying the chimeric antigen receptor, scientists could develop much smarter T cells that could better find and kill HIV. But even in these mice, called "humanized" because they were equipped with human-like immune systems, only 80 to 95 percent of the virus disappeared. Thanks to such research, it became possible to treat diseases of the hematopoietic system more effectively.
Scientists hope that this approach would one day allow HIV-positive people to reduce or successfully complete their treatment regimen and completely clear the body of the virus.
Previous studies of the human hematopoietic system have shownhow artificial molecules or receptors can produce similar results. However, HIV can evade these molecules, making them less effective over time. Therefore, the disease is still incurable.
Further testing, as the researchers hope, can be carried out on the human body within five to ten years. A potentially effective cure for HIV infection will appear no earlier than in 10 years. Despite the problems in finding drugs, scientists remain optimistic about the treatment of diseases of the hematopoietic system.
What is leukemia?
This is a type of cancer that causes an abnormal growth of white blood cells. The birth, growth and death of any cell type is a natural process. When this process is disturbed for any reason, it gives rise to new undeveloped cells, which in the case of leukemia are called blasts or leukemias. This disease affects the blood-forming organs and the immune system.
This chaotic anomaly in the natural process causes normal blood cells to die after a while and are replaced by new ones - blasts that are produced in the bone marrow. Blasts, on the other hand, do not die so easily and accumulate, taking up more and more space. The pathological process occurs in leukocytes. This destruction of the natural process in the bone marrow is called leukemia.
Causes of leukemia
Until now, researchers have not been able to pinpoint the exact cause of this type of cancer. However, they believe that this is due to radiation andmutations in DNA. Cancer researchers say different types of leukemia have different causes:
- Irradiation. High energy radiation can cause significant changes in DNA. These changes can trigger the development of leukemia. Large doses of radiation increase the risk of oncology in animals and humans. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has reported that there is limited evidence that high levels of extremely low frequency magnetic non-magnetic fields may cause some cases of childhood leukemia;
- Genetic predisposition. Some people are prone to developing leukemia for genetic reasons. A mutation in the gene can cause leukemia in children. People with Down syndrome have a significantly increased risk of developing forms of acute leukemia.
Other suspicious reasons
The hematopoietic system is also susceptible to some other damage. The reason for this may be:
- Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) causes T-cell leukemia in adults;
- Tobacco use may lead to a slight increase in the risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia;
- Benzene and some petroleum products cause illness;
- Hair dyes;
- Children born to mothers who use drugs.
Signs and symptoms
The human blood and hematopoietic system suffers from leukemia. In this case, there is:
- No platelets;
- Weak immune system;
- Frequentinfections such as infected tonsils, mouth ulcers, diarrhea, pneumonia;
- Anemia;
- Feeling pain, fever, chills, night sweats;
- Liver enlargement, which can lead to weight loss.
The most common symptoms in children are easy bruising, pale skin, fever, and an enlarged spleen or liver.
Treatment
Different types of leukemia have different treatments. However, pharmaceuticals, usually combined in a multidrug regimen, are the most common treatments for leukemia relief.
Summarize
The hematopoietic system in children and adults, discussed in this article, is under the close attention of scientists. They identified ways the body reacts when an emergency occurs. In this case, he needs more blood cells. The study determined that tissue damage due to excessive bleeding or pregnancy causes the spleen to activate a secondary emergency blood production system.
Normally, the spleen produces very few hematopoietic stem cells. But the cells that create a supportive environment for them tend to respond during periods of hematopoietic stress by receiving an influx of hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow.
The processes occurring in the spleen are physiologically important in order to respond to the phenomenon of hematopoietic stress. Without this fabricwill be able to maintain a normal number of blood cells, for example, during pregnancy, or quickly restore their number after bleeding or chemotherapy.
The most terrible and incurable diseases that occur in the hematopoietic system are HIV and leukemia. To date, there is no cure for these deadly ailments. Thanks to the research of scientists around the world, it is possible to bring closer the day when the secret of the drug that defeats HIV and leukemia will be revealed. However, it is important to consider the causes that contribute to the development of leukemia.
It is recommended not to be exposed to high doses of radiation, as they can cause malfunctions in the human hematopoietic system. The he alth of the hematopoietic system is affected by a person's lifestyle and hereditary predisposition.
Genetic failures can also be the causes of the disease. Then leukemia can develop in both adults and children. Further study of the hematopoietic system will make it possible to find, presumably within the next ten years, a pharmacological agent that, as part of complex therapy, will make it possible to defeat currently incurable diseases.
