Seeing a person in a wheelchair on the street or a sad-eyed mother trying to entertain her different child, we try to look away and completely ignore the problem. And is it right? How many people think about the fact that life is unpredictable, and at any moment trouble can overtake one of us or our loved ones? The answer will probably be negative. But the reality is cruel, and he althy people today may be disabled tomorrow. Therefore, maybe it would be worth looking for answers to questions about who people with disabilities are, how many groups of disabilities exist, who establishes them?
Patients need constant supervision and assistance from third parties. They need love, affection and care more than others. It is important to note that many of them do not tolerate any form of self-pity and demand to be treated as equals.
Today, an increasing number of such people are trying to lead a full life, work, attend entertainment events, relax in resorts, etc. When communicating with them, one should observe a sense of tact and notfocus on their he alth problems.
Basic concepts and their definitions
The term "disability" has Latin roots and comes from the word invalidus, which means "weak", "weak". This concept is used when it is necessary to characterize the physical or mental state of a person who, due to certain circumstances, is permanently or for a long time limited or completely unable to work. This, in turn, implies a limitation due to the presence of some defect (congenital or acquired). A defect, in turn, or as it is also called a violation, is a loss or deviation from the norm of any function of the body.
As for the term "disabled", in the literal sense it means "unfit". This is the name of a person suffering from a disorder of he alth, a moderate or significant disorder of various functions or systems of the body, which is the result of diseases or a consequence of injuries. As a result, we can talk about the limitation of life, which consists in the complete or partial loss of the ability to take care of oneself, move around without outside help, enter into a dialogue with others, clearly express one's thoughts, navigate in space, control actions, be responsible for actions, receive education, work.
The criteria for disability groups are used by specialists conducting a medical and social examination in order to determine the conditions in whichaccording to which the degree of limitation of the abilities of the individual is established.
In the presented sequence of ideas, the meaning of the phrase "rehabilitation of the disabled" should also be clarified. It is a system and at the same time a step-by-step process of restoring certain human abilities, without which his everyday, social and, accordingly, professional activities are impossible.
Disability groups: classification and brief description
Disability is a problem that directly or indirectly affects almost every person on Earth. That is why it is no secret to anyone that there are three different groups of disability, the classification of which depends on the extent to which certain functions or systems of the body are impaired, and how limited the life of the individual.
A citizen can be recognized as disabled only by the conclusion of a medical and social examination. Only members of the commission have the right to decide on satisfaction or, conversely, on the refusal of a person to assign him a disability group. The classification, which is used by the specialists of the expert group, determines which and to what extent the functions of the body have been affected due to a particular disease, injury, etc. Restrictions (violations) of functions are usually subdivided as follows:
- violations that affect the statodynamic (motor) functions of the body;
- disorders affecting the circulatory system, metabolism, internalsecretion, digestion, respiration;
- sensory dysfunction;
- mental deviations.
The right to send citizens for medical and social examination belongs to the medical institution where they are observed, the body responsible for pension provision (Pension Fund), and the body providing social protection of the population. In turn, citizens who have received a referral for examination should prepare the following documents:
- A referral issued by one of the above authorized bodies. It contains all the necessary information regarding the state of human he alth and the degree of disruption of the body.
- Application signed directly by the person to be examined or by his legal representative.
- Documents confirming the patient's he alth problems. These can be discharge summaries, results of instrumental studies, etc.
There are three types of disability. The classification of the main violations of the functions of the human body, as well as the degree of their severity, serve as criteria for determining which of these groups to assign to the applicant. After analyzing and discussing the documents submitted by the citizen, specialists decide whether to recognize him as disabled or not. In the presence of all members of the commission, the decision made is announced to the person who has passed the medical and social examination, and, if the situation so requires, all the necessary explanations are given.
It should also be noted that if a person is assigned the firstdisability group, then re-examination is carried out once every 2 years. Re-examination of persons with the second and third groups is organized annually.
The exception is an indefinite disability group. People who have received it can be re-examined at any time of their own free will. To do this, they only need to draw up an appropriate application and send it to the competent authorities.
List of reasons
Very often you can hear talk that someone was assigned a disability group due to a general disease. With this, everything is more or less clear. However, it does not hurt to know that there are a number of other reasons for obtaining this status, which include the following:
- injuries received by a person in the workplace, as well as some occupational diseases;
- childhood disability: birth defects;
- disability resulting from being wounded during World War II;
- diseases and injuries received during military service;
- disability attributed to Chernobyl disaster;
- other reasons that are established by the law of the Russian Federation.
Disability of the first group
As for the state of human he alth from a physical point of view, the most difficult is the first group of disability. It is assigned to those persons who have significant disturbances in the work of any one or more body systems. It's about the highest severity.disease, pathology or defect, because of which a person is simply not able to serve himself on his own. Even to perform the most basic actions, he necessarily needs outside help.
Disability of the 1st group is established:
- Persons who are completely disabled (permanently or temporarily) and need continuous supervision (care, assistance) from third parties.
- Persons who, although suffering from pronounced functional disorders of body functions, can still carry out some types of labor activity. However, it should be noted that they can work only if individual conditions are created specifically for them: special workshops, work that they are able to perform without leaving their own home, etc.
In addition, it should be noted that there are certain criteria for determining the disability group. To establish the first group, the following ones are used:
- not being able to take care of themselves;
- inability to move independently;
- loss of spatial orientation skill (disorientation);
- not being able to communicate with people;
- inability to control one's behavior and take responsibility for one's actions.
For what diseases is disability of the first group established?
It is not enough to list the reasons why some succeed in being granted disability status while others are denied.only the above criteria for establishing a disability group. Members of the medical and social commission take into account a number of other factors and circumstances. For example, one cannot ignore the list of diseases in which a person is assigned a disability of group 1. These include:
- a severe progressive form of tuberculosis in the stage of decompensation;
- incurable malignant tumor;
- serious diseases that affect the cardiovascular system, accompanied by circulatory failure of the third degree;
- paralysis of limbs;
- hemiplegia or severe cerebral aphasia;
- schizophrenia with severe and prolonged paranoid and catatonic syndrome;
- epilepsy, in which there are very frequent seizures and constant twilight consciousness;
- dementia and at the same time the loss of critical perception of their disease;
- upper limb stumps (e.g. total absence of fingers and other more serious amputations);
- thigh stump;
- total blindness, etc.
All citizens who submit medical documents confirming that they have one of these diseases to members of the commission will be assigned a disability of group 1. Otherwise it will be denied.
What about the second disability group?
The second group of disability is given to people in whose body serious functional disorders are observed, which are the result of an illness, injury or congenitalvice. As a result, a person's vital activity is significantly limited, but the ability to take care of himself and not resort to the help of outsiders remains.
The second disability group is established if the following indications exist:
- the ability to take care of oneself with various aids or little assistance from third parties;
- ability to move around with assistive devices or with the help of third parties;
- inability to work or the ability to work only if special conditions are created for this, the necessary funds are provided, a special place is equipped;
- inability to receive education in regular educational institutions, but susceptibility to mastering information through special programs and specialized centers;
- presence of orientation skills both in space and time;
- the ability to communicate, but subject to the use of special means;
- the ability to control one's behavior, but under the supervision of third parties.
For what diseases is disability of the second group established?
Disability of the second group is established if a person suffers from one of the following pathologies:
- damaged valvular apparatus of the heart or myocardium and II-III degree of circulatory disorders;
- II degree of hypertension, which progresses rapidly and is accompanied by frequentangiospastic crises;
- fibrous-cavernous progressive tuberculosis;
- cirrhosis of the lungs and cardiopulmonary failure;
- severe atherosclerosis of the brain with a pronounced decrease in the level of intelligence;
- injuries and other infectious and non-infectious diseases of the brain, due to the development of which the visual, vestibular and motor functions of the body are impaired;
- diseases and injuries of the spinal cord, as a result of which the limbs are immobilized;
- re-infarction and coronary insufficiency;
- after surgery to remove malignant growths in the stomach, lungs and other organs;
- severe gastric ulcer with loss of appetite;
- epilepsy with frequent seizures;
- hip disarticulation;
- hip stump with significant gait disturbance, etc.
Brief description of the third disability group
The third group of disability is established with a significant decrease in a person's ability to work as a result of disturbances in the functioning of the systems and functions of the body, which is caused by chronic diseases, as well as various anatomical defects. This group is given:
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People who, due to deteriorating he alth, have an urgent need to be transferred to work that requires lower qualifications and lower labor costs. For example:
● A toolmaker with I-II degree of circulatory disorders, who simply cannot physically perform his professional duties. Howeverhe may well take the position of a collector of small items.
● The spinner, whose 2nd, 3rd and 4th fingers were amputated, needs to be transferred to the position of the edger.
● The highest rank milling machine, suffering from stage II hypertension needs a transfer to the position of a tool distributor.
● A miner diagnosed with silicosis needs a position outside the mine or a retraining.
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People who, due to he alth conditions, need drastic changes in working conditions without changing their profession. This, in turn, requires a significant reduction in the amount of work and a decrease in qualifications. For example:
● The chief accountant of the trust, who was diagnosed with cerebral atherosclerosis with memory impairment, absent-mindedness, etc., needs to be transferred to one of the departments of the organization, but with the preservation of the position.
● Weaver who maintains many machines and has been diagnosed with moderate diabetes should reduce the number of machines under her responsibility.
- People with limited work opportunities who have low qualifications or who have never been employed anywhere before.
- Among other things, the third group of disability is given to people regardless of what kind of work they do, provided that they have anatomical defects and deformities, and they are unable to fulfill their professional duty.
Disability groups depending on the degree of ability to work
There are different evaluation criteriahuman he alth status, on the basis of which disability groups are established. The classification of these criteria and their essence are spelled out in legislative acts. Recall that there are currently three groups, each of which has its own specific characteristics.
Determining the disability group that needs to be established for the patient is the direct responsibility of the members of the medical and social expertise. However, it should be noted that the ITU also determines the degree of working capacity of a person with disabilities.
The first degree assumes that the individual is able to perform labor activity, but on the condition that qualifications will be reduced, and the work will not require a significant expenditure of effort. The second provides that a person can work, but for this he needs to create special conditions and provide auxiliary technical means. For persons who have been assigned one of these degrees, a working disability group is established.
Unlike the first two, the third degree of ability to work implies the inability to work. People who have been awarded this degree by ITU are assigned a non-working disability group.
Disabled children category
The category of disabled children includes children and adolescents under the age of eighteen who have significant limitations in life, the result of which are developmental disorders, inability to communicate, learn, control their behavior, independentmovement and future employment. In the conclusion of the ITU for a disabled child, as a rule, a number of recommendations are prescribed:
- permanent or temporary placement in institutions specially designed for such children;
- individual training;
- providing the child (if necessary) with special equipment and aids to ensure normal life;
- provision of sanatorium treatment (the profile of the sanatorium and the length of stay in it are indicated);
- describes a set of necessary rehabilitation measures, etc.
