Physical qualities - what is it? We will consider the answer to this question in the presented article. In addition, we will tell you about what types of physical qualities exist, and what their role is in human life.
General information
The physical qualities of a person are understood as socially conditioned sets of his mental and biological properties. In other words, physical qualities are the readiness of people to carry out any motor activity (often active). It should be especially noted that they differ from other personality traits only in that they are manifested during the solution of motor tasks with the help of motor actions.
Physical ability
Physical qualities - what is it? Now you know the answer to your question. But, considering such properties of a person, one cannot mention his abilities. So, physical abilities are understood as acquired or innate functional, as well as relatively stable capabilities of the structures of the body and its organs, the interaction of which leads toeffective performance of motor actions.
What are the reasons?
The above ideas about the physical qualities and abilities of a person allow us to make the following types:
- The basis of the education of such properties, first of all, is the development of a person's physical abilities. It should also be noted that the more they are developed, the more stable they are in solving certain tasks (motor).
- The development of physical abilities depends on the innate inclinations of a person, which determine the individual capabilities and functions of body structures or individual organs. The more reliable their interaction, the more stable the expression of their respective abilities.
- Education of the physical qualities of a person is achieved by solving various motor tasks. As for physical abilities, they develop through the performance of certain motor tasks.
Characteristics of the physical qualities of a person
As you know, absolutely anyone can easily learn to ride a bike or skate. However, this does not mean at all that everyone is able to drive 100 km on a two-wheeled friend or run 10,000 meters on slippery ice. Such actions can be fully carried out only by those who have well-developed strength, endurance, speed, agility and flexibility. It is these words that denote the motor physical qualities of a person.
It should be especially noted that without sufficient development of such properties, an athlete cannot dream of anysuccesses and achievements. His basic physical qualities are developed during regular training, as well as various exercises. At the same time, one or another physical preparation depends on the degree of their intensity and orientation. So, the versatile development of all qualities is called general, and those necessary only in a certain sport - special training.
Human Power
As a physical quality, strength is defined through a set of certain abilities that provide a measure of the impact of a person on external objects or objects.
As a rule, people's power abilities are manifested only through the force of action (measured in kilograms), which, in turn, develops due to muscle tension. Its manifestations, to one degree or another, depend on such external and internal factors as the magnitude of the weights, the location of the body, as well as its individual elements in space, and on the functional state of the human muscle tissue and his mental state.
By the way, it is the location of the body and its individual links in space that allows you to influence the magnitude of the force. This happens due to different stretching of muscle tissue in different postures of a person. In other words, the more stretched the muscles, the greater the magnitude of the force.
Apart from everything else, the physical quality of strength, or rather its manifestation, depends on the ratio of breathing and phases of movement. Its greatest value is determined when straining, and the smallest - when inhaling.
Types of forces
Power canbe absolute or relative. The first is determined without taking into account body weight by the maximum indicators of muscle tension. As for the second, such a force is calculated as the ratio of the absolute value to the body's own mass.
Ways to develop abilities
The degree of manifestation of strength abilities also depends on the number of muscle tissues that are involved in the work, as well as on the characteristics of their contractions. In accordance with this, 2 ways of their development are distinguished:
- Using all kinds of exercises with maximum effort. Such tasks involve the performance of certain motor actions with near-limit or limit weights. This method allows you to maximize the mobilization of the neuromuscular apparatus and give the greatest increase in strength abilities.
- Using all sorts of exercises with non-limiting weights. This method is characterized by the performance of certain motor actions with the maximum possible number of repetitions. This happens with small weights. This method allows you to perform a huge amount of work and ensure accelerated muscle growth. It should also be noted that unlimited weights are unable to make it difficult to control the movement technique. With this mode of operation, the result is achieved over time.
Human Endurance
Physical quality endurance is determined through a set of certain abilities, as well as maintaining a long work in different power zones (moderate, high, near-limit and maximum load). At the same time, each zoneonly its own special complex of reactions of the structures of the body and its organs is inherent.
The duration of mechanical work to fatigue is divided into 3 phases:
- Initial fatigue.
- Compensated.
- Decompensated.
The first phase is characterized as the appearance of initial signs of fatigue. The second - as progressively deepening fatigue, namely the maintenance of the already existing intensity of work by means of a partial change in the structure of the motor process (for example, by reducing the length or increasing the pace of steps when running), as well as additional volitional efforts. The third phase is a high degree of fatigue, which leads to a noticeable decrease in the intensity of work up to its complete cessation.
Types of endurance
In the practice and theory of physical education, endurance is divided into:
- special;
- general.
Special endurance is characterized by the duration of work, which, in turn, depends on the degree of fatigue and problem solving (motor). As for the general, it means a long-term performance of work with the connection of all life-supporting structures of the body and organs.
Classification of special endurance
Practically all basic physical qualities have their own types and subspecies. So, special endurance is classified according to the following criteria:
- motor action, with the help of which motor tasks are solved (for example, jumpingstamina);
- motor activity, under which motional tasks are solved (for example, game endurance);
- interaction with other physical qualities that are essential for the successful solution of motor tasks.
Education of endurance
A person's endurance is brought up by solving motor tasks that require the mobilization of biological and mental processes at the end of the previous phase or compensatory fatigue. Such conditions should provide several options for working with a changing structure of motor action and loads.
The main thing in the development of endurance is the method of regulated exercise, which allows you to accurately set the volume and magnitude of the load. During rest breaks, athletes usually perform tasks to relax muscles, breathe, and develop joint mobility.
With submaximal loads, endurance should be developed only after exercises for coordination of movements. The intervals for rest, the duration and number of such exercises should be correlated with the type of previous work.
Human speed
Physical quality speed is expressed by a combination of speed abilities, which include:
- Single movement speed that is not weighed down by external resistance;
- speed of motor reactions;
- frequency or pace of movements.
Most of the physical abilities that characterize speed, their constituent elements are included in othersphysical qualities, including the quality of dexterity. Speed is developed by solving various motor tasks, the success of which is determined by the minimum amount of time allotted for their implementation.
The choice of exercises for the education of such a quality requires compliance with certain methodological provisions (high mastery of the technique of motor action, the optimal state of the body, which ensures high performance of the athlete).
Considering such a physical quality, one cannot fail to mention the speed of the motor reaction. It is characterized by the minimum duration from the giving of a certain signal to the start of the movements. In turn, such complex reactions are subdivided into reactions of a moving object and a choice. The latter is a response by any movement to the signals. The conditions for the education of this quality are high emotionality and increased efficiency of a person, as well as the desire to complete a task until the maximum possible result is obtained.
Human Agility
Agility as a physical quality is expressed by a combination of coordination abilities and the ability to perform certain motor actions with a given range of motion. This property is brought up in athletes by teaching them motor actions, as well as finding solutions to motor problems that require a constant change in the principle of action.
When developing dexterity, the novelty of the task being learned is a prerequisite andways to use it. In turn, this element is supported by the coordination complexity of the action, as well as the creation of such external conditions that make it difficult to perform the exercise.
What is coordination ability?
Such abilities are associated with the ability to control movements in space and include:
- spatial orientation;
- dynamic and static balance;
- accuracy of reproduction of certain movements in terms of force, time and space parameters.
Spatial orientation is the preservation of ideas about changes in external conditions or existing situations. Also, this element implies the ability to rebuild motor actions in accordance with existing changes. At the same time, the athlete must not only respond to the external environment. He is obliged to take into account its dynamics of change and carry out a forecast of upcoming events, and only on the basis of this build his program of action, which is aimed at achieving the desired result.
Reproduction of temporal, power and spatial parameters of movements, as a rule, manifests itself in the accuracy of the execution of certain motor processes. Their development is carried out by the improvement of sensitive mechanisms.
Static balance is manifested when the athlete maintains certain postures for a long time. As for the dynamic, it, on the contrary, is characterized by the preservation of the direction of movement while continuouslychanging poses.
Human Flexibility
Flexibility is a person's ability to perform motor actions with a certain amplitude. This quality is characterized by the degree of mobility in the joints, as well as the state of muscle tissue.
Poorly developed flexibility greatly complicates the coordination of movements and limits the spatial movement of the body and its parts.
Types of flexibility and its development
Distinguish between active and passive flexibility. The first is expressed by the amplitude of movements that are performed due to the tension of their own muscle tissues that serve a particular joint. The second flexibility is also determined by the amplitude, but already of actions performed under the direct influence of any external forces. Moreover, its value is always greater than the active value. Indeed, under the influence of fatigue, active flexibility noticeably decreases, while passive, on the contrary, increases.
The development of flexibility occurs using the repeated method, that is, when all stretching exercises are performed in series. At the same time, the active and passive views are being developed in parallel.
Summarize
Physical qualities are those qualities of a person that develop through intense and regular exercise. Moreover, such loads can have a double effect, namely:
- increase resistance to oxygen starvation;
- increase the power of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
In the process of educating any physical quality, a person mustaffects everyone else. By the way, the magnitude and nature of this influence depends on two reasons: the level of physical fitness and the characteristics of the loads used.
It should also be noted that the development of the presented abilities at the initial stages of training often leads to the improvement of others. However, this will eventually stop. Thus, in exercises that previously influenced the development of all qualities, only some of them will now be affected. It is for this reason that it is an incompatible task to achieve maximum endurance and strength at the same time (for example, running a marathon and lifting a lot of weight). Although it should be borne in mind that the highest degree of manifestation of one physical quality can only be achieved with the development of the others.
