Many years ago, thousands of people died during outbreaks of deadly diseases. Now there are vaccines that prevent the development of dangerous pathologies when pathogens enter the body. The first drug was synthesized in 1798. Since then, the number of deaths has dropped significantly. After the introduction of the vaccine in the human body, the process of forming a specific immune response is launched. Below is a list of routine preventive vaccinations, which is reflected in the national vaccination calendar.
Hepatitis B
Liver damage leads to disruption of the functioning of not only the digestive system, but also other organs. Hepatitis B is a disease that poses a threat not only to he alth, but also to human life.
The first routine vaccination is given to a newborn shortly after birth. Some mothers are dissatisfied with early intervention in the baby's immune system, but only vaccination can protect him from a disease that has no seasonality, that is, there is a riskinfections remain consistently high at all times.
The second scheduled vaccination against hepatitis B is done at 1 month. Another one after 5 months. The last - in 1 year. Thus, a child is vaccinated against hepatitis B 4 times. Such a scheme provides the body with reliable protection against pathology until the age of 18.
Who else should be vaccinated against hepatitis B:
- Persons requiring regular blood transfusions.
- Members of a family in which someone is sick or is a carrier of the pathogen.
- People who frequently come into contact with contaminated biological material (all he althcare workers).
- Unvaccinated patients before surgery.
- Children whose mother is a carrier of the virus.
- Kids in orphanages.
- Persons planning a business trip or vacation in countries with an unfavorable epidemiological situation.
Thus, children are routinely vaccinated against hepatitis B 4 times. In the future, vaccination is carried out according to indications or at the request of the patient.
The drug is administered intramuscularly. For young children, the scheduled vaccination is placed in the anterolateral thigh zone.
According to reviews, the vaccine is well tolerated. In some cases, pain is felt at the injection site. Sometimes the general state of he alth slightly worsens. The presence of these side effects is not a reason to see a doctor. They go away on their own within a few days.
Tuberculosis
According to statistics,more than 1.6 billion people worldwide suffer from this disease. At the same time, most of them were diagnosed with severe forms of tuberculosis, which poses a serious danger to others. Vaccination is the only preventive measure. But even she does not guarantee that a person will never get sick. However, it is important to know that vaccinated people tolerate pathology much more easily, in addition, they are less likely to experience complications.
Schedule of routine vaccinations:
- The first BCG vaccine is administered to children 3-5 days after birth. If there are contraindications, the preventive measure is postponed for a period determined by the pediatrician.
- The next step is revaccination. Scheduled vaccination is carried out at 7 years. In this case, the child receives protection before entering an educational institution, where he may encounter carriers of the causative agent of tuberculosis.
- The second revaccination is carried out at the age of 14. According to statistics, very often pathology is diagnosed in adolescents.
Mantoux test is done a few days before vaccination. It is a kind of indicator that allows you to understand whether a person can administer the drug or not. The injection is carried out in the region of the lower border of the upper third of the shoulder.
Absolute contraindications to BCG:
- Immunodeficiency.
- Malignant neoplasms.
Relative contraindications:
- Baby weighed less than 2 kg at birth.
- Presence of symptoms of intrauterine infection.
- Heavy formsdermatological diseases.
- Birth trauma accompanied by neurological disorders.
- Presence of inflammatory processes.
- Hemolytic disease.
- The presence of purulent-septic conditions.
If there are relative contraindications, routine vaccinations are given after recovery and normalization of physical parameters.
For adults, the vaccine is administered only according to epidemiological indications. One vaccine protects against tuberculosis for 7 years.
For whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus
Currently, the DTP vaccine is administered to absolutely all children, even those who live in developed countries with a favorable epidemiological situation.
A child under one year old is given routine vaccinations 3 times - at 3, 4-5 and 6 months. The fourth time the vaccine is administered at 1.5 years. Such a scheme provides the formation of stable immunity. In other words, the child's body becomes immune to the pathogens of whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus.
The next routine vaccination is done at 6 years old. This is revaccination, which allows you to maintain the required amount of antibodies in the body. Another one is held at the age of 14. Adults should be revaccinated every 10 years.
Scheduled DPT vaccination differs from all others by the maximum degree of reactogenicity of the components. In this regard, general rules have been developed:
- At the time of vaccination, the child must be he althy.
- The drug is administered on an empty stomach.
- Intestines must be emptied before vaccination.
- In the previous 3 days, give the child antihistamines.
- Immediately after the injection, it is important to give the baby Nurofen or Paracetamol.
The child's condition should be monitored for 3 days. When the temperature rises, it is necessary to offer him an antipyretic agent. Local reactions may also occur. Redness and swelling at the injection site (anterior side of the thigh) up to 8 cm in diameter are not alarming signs. If convulsions, a severe allergic reaction, shock or encephalopathy appear, the child must be shown to the doctor. The same goes for adults.
For measles, mumps and rubella
These pathologies of an infectious nature pose a serious danger to humans. They lead to encephalitis, blindness, meningitis, hearing loss and diseases of the central nervous system. In pregnant women, they cause miscarriage. In this regard, immunization is indicated for these ailments.
Schedule of routine vaccinations by age:
- Vaccine is given for the first time at 12 months.
- Then the drug is indicated after 5 years.
- The third time the vaccine is administered after 10-12 years.
- The fourth shot should be at age 22.
Adults should see a he alth facility every 10 years thereafter.
Unlike DPT, there is no need to prepare before administering the drug. However, doctors still recommend taking antihistamines in the previous 3 days. This measure allows you to reduce the risk of complications to a minimum.
For young children, the drug is injected into the front of the thigh. At 6 years old, the injection is given in the shoulder.
Possible side effects:
- Soreness and induration at the injection site.
- Increased body temperature.
- Pale pink rash.
- Swollen lymph nodes.
- Temples in the joints.
Planned preventive vaccinations are carried out only if the child is he althy. The vaccine is not given in the presence of HIV, tumors, low platelets, severe allergic reactions.
From polio
This is a dangerous infectious disease that is most often diagnosed in children. Pathology is characterized by damage to the gray matter of the spinal cord. Even after a full recovery, a person becomes disabled for life.
Currently, there is no drug that can cure polio. But the development of pathology can be avoided with the help of vaccination. Immunologists have developed two drugs that are different from each other:
- Containing suppressed live viruses. This vaccine is used only in Russia. It creates protection against most strains of the pathogen. Outwardly, it is a pinkish liquid. Taken orally.
- Containing dead virus particles. This drug is available as an injection. According to numerous studies, it is less effective than a vaccine containing suppressed but live viruses.
General rules for vaccination:
- In the previous 2 weeks it is necessary to avoid the occurrence of colds. With their development, the administration of the drug must be postponed.
- It is recommended to start taking antihistamines 3 days before vaccination.
- Immediately on the day of the injection, the patient should be examined by a doctor. It is also recommended to donate blood and urine for analysis.
- The vaccine is much better tolerated when given on an empty stomach. The child is advised not to feed 2 hours before and 1 hour after the injection. It is also advisable for adults to be vaccinated on an empty stomach. Do not drink water for 1 hour after injection.
It is important to know that both a child and an adult in the first 2 weeks can be carriers of the infection. During this period, it is desirable to limit the contact of the vaccinated person with persons who have refused vaccination in order to protect the latter.
Possible side effects:
- Increased body temperature.
- Sluggishness.
- Drowsy.
- Worry.
- Irritable.
- Allergic reaction.
- Diarrhea.
- Convulsions.
- Swelling of facial tissues.
The first scheduled vaccinations are made up to a year: at 3, 4, 5 and 6 months. In this case, as a rule, a preparation containing dead particles of the virus is used. The process of revaccination also consists of 3 stages. A drug containing inhibited virus particles is administered at 1.5 years, 20 months and 14 years.
From Haemophilus influenzae
The causative agent of the disease is an opportunistic pathogen that is a component of the microfloranasopharynx. Under the influence of any provoking factors, the active process of the vital activity of the Haemophilus influenzae is launched, due to which irreversible changes begin to occur in the body.
The causative agent is extremely resistant to antibiotics. In this regard, any treatment is often ineffective. The only way to prevent the development of pathology is through vaccination.
The injection is included in the list of routine vaccinations from birth. The first time the drug is administered at 3 months, the second - at 4, 5, the third - at 6. Revaccination is carried out at 18 months. According to studies, the effectiveness of vaccination is estimated at 95-100%.
Most children tolerate vaccination well. In some cases, the body temperature rises slightly and the pain at the injection site worries. These signs are not a reason to see a doctor. They pass in 1-2 days on their own.
Contraindications for routine vaccinations:
- Prone to allergic reactions.
- The presence of chronic diseases in the acute stage.
- Pathologies of an infectious nature.
Vaccination is required 2 weeks after recovery or remission for chronic diseases.
Diphtheria vaccine for adults
The maximum number of injections a person receives in the first 12 months of his life. In total, until the age of 18, he is given about 20 vaccinations. Most adults forget that thisvaccination is not completed. Diphtheria vaccination required every 10 years.
This disease has an infectious nature. The causative agent of diphtheria is Bacillus Loeffler. You can prevent the development of pathology with the help of a vaccine.
Many adults ignore the need to administer the drug. This puts their he alth at serious risk. Paralysis, myocarditis, death are the most common consequences of diphtheria.
If a person has not previously been vaccinated, they are given a weakened vaccine. If all injections were performed according to the national calendar, the next one is carried out at 24 years of age. The vaccine must be given every 10 years. A few years ago, vaccination was done up to 64 years. Age restrictions have now been lifted.
If a person was not vaccinated as a child, the vaccination schedule changes. In addition, a preparation containing a smaller number of antigens is used. In total, adults need to get 2 vaccinations. The interval between them should be 30-45 days. The first revaccination is carried out after six months, the second - after 5 years. Then you need to be vaccinated every 10 years. The drug is injected into the subscapular area or into the front of the thigh.
Absolute contraindications to vaccination:
- Pregnancy.
- Lactation period.
- Kidney and liver dysfunction.
- Individual intolerance to vaccine components.
The administration of the drug is postponed if the person has a chronic pathology in the acute phase.
Most adults tolerate the vaccine well. In isolated casesthe following side effects may occur:
- Diseases.
- Slight increase in body temperature.
- Redness, swelling, or pain at the injection site.
- Infiltration in the injection site.
It is important to know that modern vaccines are thoroughly purified and do not contain toxic compounds. In this regard, the risk of complications after the administration of the drug is minimal.
Tetanus shot for adults
Contrary to popular belief, the vaccine is not just for small children. The infection easily penetrates the body even through minor damage to the skin and mucous membranes. After that, the pathogen begins to synthesize toxic compounds that are deadly for humans. This is evidenced by muscle spasms of the whole body. As a rule, after their termination, a fatal outcome occurs.
Adults need to be vaccinated every 10 years. If a person did not receive a vaccine in childhood, he is given the first vaccination, the second - a year later. Further, the drug is administered every 10 years.
Vaccination contraindications:
- Immunodeficiency.
- Cold diseases.
- Pathologies in the acute stage.
- Pregnancy.
The list of contraindications can be expanded by the doctor during the examination.
Table
Below is a list of routine vaccinations by age.
| Age | Names of diseases, againstwho are being vaccinated |
| 1 day | Hepatitis B |
| 3-5 days | Tuberculosis |
| 1 month | Hepatitis B |
| 3 months | Whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae |
| 4 months | Whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae |
| 6 months | Whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae |
| 1 year | Measles, mumps, rubella |
| 1, 5 years | Whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae |
| 20 months | Polio |
| 6 years | Diphtheria, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, rubella |
| 7 years | Tuberculosis |
| 14 years old | Diphtheria, tetanus, polio |
| 18 years old | Diphtheria, tetanus |
| 22 years old | Measles, mumps, rubella |
| 24 years and every 10 years thereafter | Diphtheria |
| 28 years and every 10 years thereafter | Tetanus |
In conclusion
Even in the modern world, there are a large number of deadly diseases that cannot be cured. In order to prevent their development, vaccines have been created. To date, this is the only method of preventing dangerous pathologies. The list of injections is reflected in the national vaccination calendar.
