Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent serious infectious diseases. There is an opinion that vaccinations are a rather risky event, because they can give many complications. But they are negligible compared to the consequences of these diseases. What vaccinations are given to children? First of all, parents need to familiarize themselves with the contraindications for vaccination. And with the vaccination schedule for children under one year old.
Contraindications for vaccination
The list of contraindications to vaccination is rather long, because how many vaccinations a child needs to be given at such a young age. Before vaccination, parents should take the baby to see a doctor to get permission for further procedures. Vaccination may be denied if present:
- prematurity;
- very low birth weight;
- acute and chronic diseases, namely intrauterine infection, purulent diseases, problems with the central nervous system, cancers, tuberculosis;
- convulsions;
- complications after the previous vaccine;
- intestinal diseases;
- hypersensitivity to individualcomponents;
- blood diseases.
Hepatitis B
Vaccination became necessary due to the aggravation of the situation with this disease among children and adults. To protect the child from the risk of contracting hepatitis, doctors recommend vaccination. As vaccination progresses, 88-93% of children develop a strong immunity to this disease, but this requires a course of immunization of the body. This reduces the risk of infection from carrier mothers and also prevents high infant mortality in the population. Immunization of the child begins in the hospital. The first vaccination is given in the first twenty-four hours of a newborn's life. Then according to the vaccination schedule for children:
- first month after baby's birth;
- for the second month;
- as early as twelve months after the baby was immunized.
The only contraindication to vaccination is individual intolerance to the drug. Sometimes the vaccine has an allergic reaction. However, such intolerance gives an acute complication in one case per six hundred thousand children.
Measles
As a rule, only a he althy child can be vaccinated. The doctor, after measuring the body temperature and interviewing the baby, gives permission for the vaccination. During vaccination, the child is given a drug that produces immunity to measles.
Today, there are a number of programs for vaccinating babies, as well as a calendar plan for vaccinating children under one year old, approved by the Ministry of He althRF. All young parents should be familiar with it. Children are vaccinated against measles at 12 months according to the vaccination calendar.
Post-vaccination condition factors:
- After three days, the baby may have a fever.
- Lethargy and lethargy can also haunt the child.
- Child can be irritable.
- Rash may appear, but this is a 1 in 10 occurrence.
What not to do within 6-7 days after vaccination:
- It is worth limiting trips to the bathhouse.
- Do not take to kindergarten and avoid large crowds.
Rubella
Rubella is a childhood viral disease. The main symptom is a red rash on the skin, fever. After a disease, immunity is most often preserved for life.
Children are vaccinated against this virus from the age of one. It is not recommended to do it earlier, because the vaccine contains live rubella bacteria, which will have a bad effect on the baby’s still weak immunity. Up to a year, children get sick with rubella very rarely, because. they have immunity from their mother. Most often, this happens if the mother contracted the virus during pregnancy.
In medicine, there is a vaccination schedule for a disease:
- Vaccinated against measles, mumps and rubella at 1 year old.
- After that - at age 6.
- The last vaccination for a child is done at 15-16 years old.
Although in an epidemic, the first vaccination against the disease can be given at 6 months,you should still stick to the established schedule.
Diphtheria
The disease of diphtheria is considered dangerous and poses a great threat to humanity. Therefore, every parent should vaccinate their children with DTP, and pediatricians insist on this procedure.
What is the danger of diphtheria? This disease is considered infectious. When infected, the patient's mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and even the genitals become inflamed. Complications after the disease entail damage to the nervous system up to death. Diphtheria bacillus quickly spreads throughout the body and produces toxins in the blood. With weak immunity, and especially in the first year of a baby's life, irreversible consequences are possible. The route of transmission of this bacillus is airborne, so it is very easy to get infected. Even a normal visit to a clinic by a child can lead to infection. Therefore, it is important not to refuse vaccination and to vaccinate your children according to the vaccination schedule. As a complication, a child may have a temperature after vaccination, but it will pass in a day.
Whooping cough
The disease involves an infectious disease provoked by whooping cough. The infection process occurs by airborne droplets, resulting in a strong cough. In such a situation, long-term treatment may not help, but the whooping cough vaccine can protect the child from infection. However, due to immunity, the vaccine may not completely protect the child, but will help to transfer the disease in a simpler form. DTP vaccine (adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-columnar)It is customary to put intramuscularly in the thigh area. Vaccination must be carried out in three stages:
- In three months.
- In four and a half months.
- At six months.
The interval between vaccinations must be at least 30 days. Revaccination should be carried out 12 months after the three vaccinations, at approximately 18 months. After vaccination against whooping cough, in some cases there is every chance of the appearance of many complications, such as allergic reactions, convulsions, shock. The child's parents have the right not to vaccinate, but before refusing it, it is necessary to understand how the disease threatens the child's he alth. For more information on whether or not to get a whooping cough vaccine, you should contact your he althcare provider.
Polio
At birth, a baby receives a certain level of antibodies contained in mother's milk. But it is worth noting that their number does not completely protect it from various types of complex infections. This confirms the need for a planned preventive revaccination in order to develop stable immunity to viral pathogens. For example, children under one year of age are required to be vaccinated against polio.
Polio is an infectious childhood disease that affects the gray matter contained in the spinal center. The method of transmission of the virus is airborne.
First symptoms of disease development:
- virus intoxication;
- migraine;
- increased subfebrile temperature;
- pain in the cervical,dorsal region;
- failure;
- muscle cramps.
One of the main preventive measures is the injection and introduction into the body of a live weakened pathogen. The first vaccination is carried out at the age of two months from birth by the oral route, then the next two with an interval of two months (4 and 6). At the same time, before the manipulation, a comprehensive examination by the pediatrician of the child is necessarily carried out, the body temperature is measured, the oral cavity and throat are examined. And only after that the procedure is carried out.
Tuberculosis
Vaccination of newborns against tuberculosis is considered mandatory. Tuberculosis is a problem in medicine today. Many people do not take medication and infect others. This disease is considered quite dangerous, and it is simply necessary to be vaccinated in childhood. If the vaccine is refused, doctors warn of serious consequences and insist on it. The vaccine does not protect 100 percent against this disease. If a person has been in contact with a patient with open tuberculosis, perhaps the immune system will cope with this bacillus. This applies only to vaccinated people who, according to the vaccination schedule, have been vaccinated. It is important to listen to the recommendations of pediatricians and get vaccinated on time to avoid serious diseases. Children of the first year of life tolerate this procedure quite easily.
Mumps
Mumps (mumps) - a viral disease with a primary lesion of the glandular tissue of the salivary glands, pancreas, testicles and ovaries,threatening severe complications. It is possible to prevent the occurrence of the disease with the help of vaccination.
According to the vaccination schedule, the first scheduled vaccination against this disease is carried out at 12 months, then the child is revaccinated at 6 years. After two injections of the mumps vaccine, lifelong immunity is formed in almost 100% of children.
For immunization of children use:
- Live single vaccine containing attenuated mumps virus.
- Complex polyvalent vaccines that contribute to the development of immunity from two - mumps-measles vaccine, or three infections - against mumps, measles, and rubella.
There is also an emergency vaccination in case of contact of a child with a sick person or in the event of an outbreak.
Vaccines are divided into two groups:
- Single: from mumps (Russia); French vaccine "Imovax Orion".
- Joint: mumps-measles (Russia); triple - measles, rubella, mumps (UK, Holland, USA, France).
These preparations contain a live but weakened mumps virus.
How is vaccination done? Children under one year of age are not vaccinated. They are not susceptible to infection, because they received antibodies from their mother. The vaccination is done in the shoulder area or under the shoulder blade under the skin, as well as intramuscularly. The vaccine is almost 100% effective.
Important! If the child is allergic, then vaccination is contraindicated for him! It contains chicken protein origin.
Tetanus
Vaccination is considered the most reliable way to protect against an infectious disease. After all, it can lead to unpleasant consequences. There are routine and emergency vaccinations. First of all, they carry out a planned, according to the vaccination calendar. And then - to those children who were injured or seriously damaged the skin.
The disease begins with a strong contraction of the muscles. And hard to swallow. To date, tetanus bacillus is very common. Mostly in animal feces. Parents, before refusing such a vaccination, need to think about the he alth of the child and about possible complications. After all, when infected, the entire central nervous system is damaged. In this regard, a vaccine is being made immediately against diphtheria and whooping cough. It's called AKDS. The first time it is done at three months. The second - at four or five. And the third - at six. Revaccination is carried out in a year and a half. The child after DTP vaccination does not have any complications, so you should not refuse it.
Hemophilus influenzae
Hemophilus influenzae is an acute infectious disease, the causative agent is Haemophilus influenzae. It usually occurs in children under the age of 1 year.
Characterized by CNS lesions, purulent cellulitis, acute respiratory infections, hemophilic meningitis, otitis media, complications from cardiac function, arthritis, lung diseases, etc. In accordance with the RF vaccination calendar, vaccination should be carried out at the age of 3, 4, 5 and 6 months. Revaccination - at 1.5 years. Vaccinations are carried out on the same day as DTP vaccinations, which are given to children three times.
Three vaccines against thisdisease type:
- "Act-HIB";
- "Hiberix";
- "Pentaxim".
Contraindications:
- allergic to tetanus toxoid;
- any acute or chronic disease;
- convulsions;
- encephalopathy.
Adverse reactions:
- child's temperature after vaccination;
- local swelling in the injection area.
Vaccination schedule
| Age | Vaccination |
| First day | Hepatitis B vaccine |
| First week | Tuberculosis |
| One month | Hepatitis B Booster Vaccination |
| Two months | Administration of the pneumococcal vaccine |
| Three months | DTP vaccination for children (diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus), polio. |
| Four and a half months | Repeat the same as in the second and third months of life |
| Half a year | Re-vaccination against hepatitis B, DTP, polio |
| Year | Mumps, childhood measles and rubella. |
Complications
Children, leaving the womb, are faced with a large number of microorganisms, infections, diseases, viruses. Vaccines exist to protect and further protect the little body from various types of diseases and strengthen the immune system, but sometimes it happens that the baby’s bodyreceiving a vaccine rejects it, and complications appear, such as:
- Increase in local and general temperature from vaccination in children.
- Anxiety, nervousness of the child.
- Insomnia.
- Hyperemia (redness).
- Abscess (purulent inflammation).
- Allergic reaction in the form of rashes, redness.
- Polio (CNS Infection).
- No food.
- Convulsions.
- Quincke's edema (swelling of the skin).
- Kidney failure.
- Complications after incorrect insertion.
- Post-vaccination encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
Because these complications are rare, you don't have to worry about them happening to your baby. But at the first suspicions, it is advised to contact a pediatrician. This is the main list of what vaccinations are given to children under the age of one. At the request of parents, vaccinations against influenza and epidemic diseases are carried out.
