All types of hepatitis and forms. Description of each type of hepatitis, which is the most dangerous way of infection

2024 Author: Curtis Blomfield | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-16 20:44

Hepatitis in the ICD-10 is listed under the code B15-B19 - an inflammation in the liver. Appears as a result of infection with a virus. Due to the effect of ribonucleic acid, the area of \u200b\u200bthe liver is affected, all types of hepatitis can appear separately. Even a year after infection, a person may not know that he is sick. This disease, turning into a chronic form, leads to cancer or cirrhosis of the liver. In childhood, the disease leads to serious consequences.

Shapes

Depending on how the disease develops, it is divided into 2 forms of hepatitis. The first is acute and the second is chronic.

1. Acute hepatitis is characterized by a sharp manifestation of rather pronounced symptoms in a patient. This is an unreasonable increase in body temperature, a violation of the stool, a feeling of nausea, vomiting reflexes, the appearance of a yellow tint on the skin. As a rule, the occurrence of this disease contributes to a number of reasons. Among them are the abuse of low-quality alcohol, excessive consumption of antibiotics, hormonal and other drugs. Various factors can also cause liver damage.toxic substances, viruses, radiation, etc. As a result, an inflammatory process begins that destroys liver tissue. Acute hepatitis is the stage at which it is more likely to be treated.
2. If it is not diagnosed in a timely manner, then there is a very high risk of the disease becoming chronic. They talk about the presence of pathology even if the disease does not weaken within six months. However, chronic hepatitis occurs without pronounced symptoms at all. It is also dangerous because it causes a number of other complications. The disease in this form is quite difficult to treat.

Hepatitis A etiology

Hepatitis And also popularly called Botkin's disease. This is an acute infectious disease of the liver, which is caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is transmitted by the fecal-oral route, in other words, through the consumption of contaminated food or water. Unlike hepatitis B or C, type A does not cause chronic liver disease.

It is easy to get infected with this virus if you do not follow the basic rules of your own hygiene: unwashed hands, insufficiently processed food, shared dishes and more. The first signs of the disease make themselves felt, as a rule, after 25-30 days. The incubation period itself is about 15-45 days. The main signs of the disease are fever, poor appetite, general weakness and drowsiness, sharp pains in the liver, and vomiting. This condition can last for several days or even weeks, called the preicteric period.

The icteric stage of the disease is easily recognized by visual changes:the patient's skin and eyes turn yellow, urine is darker.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is associated with infection of the liver due to the virus entering the human body. This disease is considered infectious, since it is she who causes infection of the liver. Most often it is transmitted through human blood, but rarely through sexual intercourse.

A small drop of blood is enough for a person to become a carrier of this disease. Even shared toothpaste leads to infection. The disease is also transmitted through saliva. In this case, a person has a lack of appetite, weakness throughout the body, the appearance of dark urine, insomnia, dizziness and vomiting. The disease is resistant to drugs, so it is difficult to cure.

Human contact with non-sterile items can also cause hepatitis B. Leads to cirrhosis of the liver. Sometimes there are no symptoms, but there is a high risk that it will turn into a chronic form of the disease.

What does hepatitis C mean?

Hepatitis C is the most severe form of this disease. In the medical community, he is called the "gentle killer" because he may not manifest himself in any way. The first symptoms of hepatitis C are similar to other diseases, and the infected person does not attach importance to them. The disease is often disguised as other ailments, and therefore time is wasted that could be spent on treating the disease.

The first symptom of hepatitis C is fatigue. Also, special attention should be paid to the color of the skin. In sick patients, they may be yellowish in color.

Manythe question of how hepatitis C is transmitted and how long they live with this disease is of interest. There is no exact answer to this question. The main route of transmission is blood. Life expectancy is different. One patient can live up to 70 years, the second - a maximum of 3.

It is worth considering what important blood components reveal the presence of hepatitis C in it.

1. Bilirubin is one of the most important constituents of the blood. Experts believe that an increase in this component indicates changes in the liver characteristic of the hepatitis C virus.
2. GGT. This enzyme is used in the diagnosis of pathological liver lesions. With hepatitis C, there is a constant and stable excess of the normal level of the component.
3. Total protein. A strong decrease in the component will be an indicator of liver failure.
4. Creatinine is the result of protein metabolism in the liver. The component is excreted from the body with the help of the kidneys along with urine. A high indicator indicates a malfunction in the kidneys.
5. Common hepatitis C test for men and women.

This is essential to know before starting antiviral treatment to assess its safety. The patient must pass biochemistry, and according to its results, they already look at whether the appointment of therapy is necessary or only the observation of a specialist is enough.

Hepatitis C drugs are prescribed only after diagnosis.

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis D is a satellite virus that develops if infected with hepatitis B. Thus, both of these agents affect the liver and dramatically weakenimmunity. Diagnosis and treatment of Hepatitis D and B takes place strictly in the hospital.

The main symptoms of the disease include:

1. Jaundice - discoloration of the skin due to liver dysfunction.
2. Darkening of urine - the color of urine changes from light yellow to dark brown.
3. Pain syndrome and nausea - vomiting, pain in the right hypochondrium occurs due to a violation of the outflow of bile.
4. A sharp decrease in immunity - attacks of viral agents lead to a sharp deterioration in he alth, the inability of the body to resist external influences.
5. Violation of the stool, disruption of the digestive system - hepatitis not only poisons the liver and gallbladder, but is also the root cause of diseases of the stomach and esophagus. Food that enters the body cannot be fully digested, because of this, a fermentation process occurs. It, in turn, provokes putrefactive lesions of the mucous membranes and causes their inflammation.

Hepatitis E

Hepatitis E is a severe pathology and occurs as a result of infection of the liver tissue. In severe form, the disease affects the kidneys. The disease is transmitted through shaking hands, eating poorly fried or poorly cooked food, contact with the feces of an infected person. The danger lies in the rapid flow.

In pregnant women infected with this disease, the outcome in the last months of pregnancy is deplorable. The expectant mother with such a disease almost always loses the fetus, but remains alive with severe complications. In other cases, the disease may proceed without seriousconsequences. After one to six weeks, the disease disappears. Symptoms of the disease include pain in the ribs and discoloration of the skin.

Hepatitis F

Hepatitis F is a new generation of viral hepatitis. This type of disease appears under the influence of an immunological agent - HFV, which, getting into the bloodstream, causes complex inflammation of the liver and gallbladder.

Viral hepatitis is treatable, but after exposure to the body there is a wide range of residual effects: weakness of the digestive processes, a small amount of gastric juice enzymes, susceptibility to viral and infectious diseases.

Viral hepatitis F manifests itself as follows:

1. Chills, fever.
2. Headache.
3. Weakness.
4. Nausea.
5. Sour heartburn.
6. Loose stools.
7. Change in the color of the skin and mucous membranes - the area of the eyeballs, the face acquires a golden hue.
8. Pain in the right hypochondrium.
9. Black urine.
10. Skin rash like dermatitis.
11. Change in the size of the liver and gallbladder.

Hepatitis G

Viral hepatitis G is an acute inflammatory disease of the liver and biliary tract, which develops as a result of ingestion of the HGV group virus.

The most likely causes include:

1. Surgery.
2. Blood transfusion.
3. Connection to a device that stimulateskidney activity.
4. Use of non-sterile medical devices.

Hepatitis G is usually divided into three main groups, according to the severity of liver damage:

• Mild - occurs as a result of taking certain medications.
• Average - typical for people with chronic diseases of the liver, kidneys; for donors.
• Severe - occurs after surgery, as a result of HIV infection entering the body.

The most striking manifestations of the disease include:

1. Black urine.
2. Pain syndrome.
3. Change in skin color.
4. General weakening of the immune system.
5. Heartburn.
6. Heaviness after eating.
7. Diarrhea or constipation.
8. vomit.
9. Discoloration of feces.

Alcoholic hepatitis

Alcoholic hepatitis is an inflammatory liver disease that occurs as a result of the systematic use of large doses of alcohol. In medical practice, it is customary to distinguish two main types of hypertension:

• Persistent. Is relatively stable. It is treatable, subject to the complete rejection of alcoholic beverages. Its main manifestations are: pain syndrome, frequent vomiting, heaviness after eating, diarrhea.
• Progressive. The inflammatory process spreads very quickly. The liver increases in size. Refusal of alcohol does not bring any result. The outcome of this form of the pathological process is the growthadipose and connective tissue, an increase in the size of the organ, cirrhosis.

Symptoms of hypertension are similar in manifestations to poisoning, but the duration of their action is much longer:

1. Nausea.
2. Vomiting.
3. Indigestion.
4. Diarrhea.
5. Pain in the right hypochondrium, stomach.
6. In rare cases, darkening of the skin.

Whichever form of alcoholic hepatitis is diagnosed, therapy involves a complete rejection of the use of ethanol-containing beverages. It is precisely this requirement that is most difficult for patients to fulfill: statistics show that only a third of them actually stop drinking alcohol during the period of therapy. Approximately one third of patients diagnosed with alcoholic hepatitis gradually reduce the dose of ethanol consumed, while others continue to suffer from alcohol dependence. It is the latter category of patients that is recommended to visit both a hepatologist and a narcologist at the same time.

Without alcohol solves numerous problems: the patient disappears yellowing and several other signs.

To achieve the greatest result from therapy, the doctor also uses:

• diet therapy;
• conservative ways;
• operational methods.

Toxic hepatitis

Toxic hepatitis is a diffuse lesion of the liver, like all types of hepatitis, and the gallbladder, which develops against the background of ingestion of substances with high molecular adsorption:alcohol, medicines, household and industrial chemicals. Toxic hepatitis belongs to the group of the most dangerous hepatitis, as it quickly passes into the chronic stage, causing the development of liver cirrhosis.

The symptoms of toxic hepatitis are outwardly very similar to severe poisoning, so patients do not immediately seek emergency medical help. However, there are a number of significant differences that should suggest a more serious case:

1. The appearance of bleeding. Gingival or nosebleeds indicate severe poisoning of the body with chemicals and toxins.
2. Vomiting, nausea, combined with pain. If, when vomiting occurs, pain occurs not in the stomach, but in the right hypochondrium, this is a clear manifestation of liver disease, and not ordinary food poisoning.
3. Violation of bowel movements. In the event that after the next attack the defecation process does not normalize for more than 3 days, and the quality of the stool does not return to normal, you should immediately consult a doctor.
4. Discoloration of the skin, darkening of the urine. The patient's skin becomes golden, urine darkens sharply.

Autoimmune hepatitis

Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the liver, the causes of which are still unknown. According to statistics, AIH occurs in 30% of 100% possible, has an undulating course and is amenable to drug therapy. However, AIH cannot be completely cured. Symptoms:

1. Increase in body temperature to subfebrile -37.5 degrees.
2. Indigestion - there is nausea, vomiting, rumbling in the abdomen, in rare cases, pain.
3. Permanent runny nose. Weakened immunity, susceptibility to viral and inflammatory diseases, a long recovery period in combination with other signs of gastrointestinal damage.
4. Skin rash is a rare but tell-tale symptom of autoimmune hepatitis.
5. Stool disorder. Diarrhea alternating with constipation.
6. Poor absorption of nutrients. Violation of the liver and gallbladder causes a decrease in the number of digestive enzymes. Because of this, food is poorly digested and wanders in the stomach, intestines.
7. Change in the color of the skin - the dermis takes on a golden hue, pigmentation intensifies.

Bacterial hepatitis

Bacterial hepatitis is liver damage by bacteria, as with all types of hepatitis. Looks like a virus. It begins with damage to liver tissues or begins to affect liver cells due to spread from another focus. Occurs with typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery. This disease becomes a chronic form of viral hepatitis. Also, this disease leads to a purulent abscess. Appears on the sixth day during sepsis.

It affects not only the liver, but also other internal organs. It contains intestinal bacteria. These bacteria include Escherichia coli. In addition, the disease leads to acute hepatitis. Spontaneous bacterial hepatitis is more common. In people with ascites, it causessevere complications. More often, a person with bacterial hepatitis will have a fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, dizziness, chills, and nausea.

Hepatitis transmission routes

Needles and piercing tools are the main carriers of all types of hepatitis from a sick person to a he althy one. Therefore, tattoo parlors, manicure and pedicure procedures, blood transfusions in hospitals, extraction and treatment of teeth in dental offices, and ear piercing are a real danger to humans. Non-sterile needles can easily introduce infection into the body.

Single-needle drug users often become infected themselves, and the syringes with protruding needles thrown by them in the hallways and on the street can inject random passers-by.

Even if needle contact is avoided, hepatitis can be easily acquired due to poor hygiene or poor water supply.

Sexual partners also serve as a source of infection. The infection is transmitted during childbirth, but the breast milk of an infected mother does not contain the dangerous virus.

Hepatitis virus is also a frequent visitor in homosexual circles.

Hepatitis Prevention

Each type of hepatitis has its own prevention measures. But if you summarize them, then in order not to get infected with this disease, you need to know how to avoid hepatitis:

• Don't drink water from unknown sources.
• Don't swim in polluted, questionable waters.
• Keep hygiene.
• Wash hands after street, toilet, before eating.
• Clean regularly.
• Have your own personal care items.
• Wash fruits and vegetables before eating.
• Do not use manure that is not composted as fertilizer.
• Have a regular sexual partner.
• Use condoms.
• When taking tests, use disposable instruments.
• Vaccinate against hepatitis.
• Use hepatitis C prophylaxis.

At the first suspicion of a disease, you should consult a specialist. Remember that timely treatment of all types of hepatitis is the key to recovery.