Sanitary and educational work is a set of measures aimed at preventing diseases, fostering a he althy lifestyle, maintaining he alth, increasing labor, physical and intellectual activity, and extending the life of every citizen of Russia. To promote ideas and convey knowledge, propaganda, agitation, educational and educational methods are used.
Main destinations
Sanitary and educational work, as a branch of medicine, is formed taking into account the achievements and experience of sociology, pedagogy, and psychology. The practical implementation of the tasks is implemented in accessible ways, covering the maximum number of citizens - the media created on the basis of the "school of he alth" clinics, public universities, printed materials, lectures and oral education in each medical institution.
Conducting sanitary and educational work is implemented through agitation and education in the following main areas:
- Promotion of methods,ways of a he althy lifestyle and preventive measures through propaganda, education, personal example, persuasion.
- Education, education of hygiene habits from an early age.
- Promoting, introducing and encouraging the target audience to lead a he althy lifestyle, replenish knowledge about disease prevention, ways to maintain he alth.
He alth education practices are both passive and active.
Asset, liability, mass and targeting
Passive means include printed publications of mass distribution among the population, placement of leaflets, posters, bulletins, holding thematic exhibitions, showing films. Active methods are personal conversations of a doctor, public speeches, a series of lectures or reports. Both forms of he alth education work complement each other and make it possible to convey information to the mass consciousness in an undistorted form.
The advantages of active propaganda are direct contacts with the population, the ability to resolve all difficulties in understanding, to convey information in full in the form of a direct dialogue. But in this case, the lecturer deals only with a limited number of listeners, who, only to the extent of their own desire, will disseminate information further.
Sanitary and educational work of the passive form has no restrictions in time and in the quantitative coverage of the audience. The disadvantage is the lack of direct contact with the population, the inability to getfeedback in response to activities.
He alth education is divided into forms of coverage - mass, collective and individual. Mass coverage includes the publication of books, the publication of articles in the periodical press (newspapers, magazines), appearances by popular speakers on television and the creation of thematic programs, the release of documentaries and feature films, and radio appearances.
For the dissemination of information in the team, lectures, reports, issues of specialized literature (bulletins), posters for placement in institutions on the walls, etc. are used. Individual form - personal conversations of a medical worker with a person or family.
Agitation or propaganda
He alth education is implemented through propaganda or agitation methods of disseminating information to attract the attention of the population and get a positive reaction. Agitation is a targeted appeal to a specific target audience - teenagers, children, clerks, housewives, workers, etc.
Propaganda focuses on a subject such as hand hygiene. Attention is focused on all aspects of the usefulness of the procedure, the means to achieve the optimal result, the reasons why it is necessary to adhere to hand hygiene, the threats if they are neglected. In a word, propaganda provides complete information about the subject or action with an emphasis on the usefulness of the proposed measures, encourages action in accordance with the recommendations.
General topics
Sanitaryeducational work with patients is carried out in all types of medical and preventive institutions. Each organization draws up its own action plan depending on its profile, taking into account the goals and objectives pursued.
He alth education topics vary from clinic to clinic, but there is a certain general range of issues covered in lectures and talks:
- Mode of work and rest.
- Emotions and their impact on well-being, he alth in general.
- Harm of smoking, ways to quit.
- Alcohol addiction and cures.
- Nutrition - rationality, regimen, diets.
- Intestinal infections - occurrence, prevention.
- Vitamins - their meaning, effect on the body.
- Prevention of cardiovascular disease.
- Prevention of peptic ulcer disease.
- Obesity - occurrence, treatment, prevention.
- Prevention of cancer.
- Prevention of allergic lesions.
- HIV\AIDS problems.
- The role of physical culture and sports.
- Consequences of abortion.
- Prevention of bad habits at puberty.
- Inactivity and its harmfulness to he alth.
- Stress - consequences and prevention.
- The basics of a he althy lifestyle and others.
Conversations and lectures are held with groups of patients (20-30 people). The end of the event occurs after the audience receives all the answers to the lectures given on the topicquestions. All educational activities of the personnel of a medical institution are recorded in the register of sanitary and educational work (form No. 038-0 / y). The types of work, the number of hours, the person in charge, the topic of the lecture, conversations, discussions are recorded.
Role of outpatient clinics
In outpatient clinics, clinics implement methods of sanitary and educational work in the following areas:
- Raising the public's attention to disease prevention and hygiene principles, as well as involving the public in the daily implementation of sanitary and hygienic measures within their family, home, workplace, etc.
- Educational work among people undergoing medical examinations and monitoring them in the dynamics of development.
During the preventive examination period, short-term, enhanced public awareness measures are used to attract more participants. The campaign indicates the role of clinical examination, its significance for each person, broadcasts the belief in its undeniable usefulness. The goal is a positive attitude of the population served towards preventive examinations and an active desire to participate in them.
The rest of the time, he alth education in medical institutions of this type is focused on reaching the he althy population, patients with chronic pathologies and people with a potential threat of illness. The he althy part of the visitors is oriented towards maintaining the existing state, strengthening the immune system. Recommendations of a hygienic nature are given in relation to work, rest, sports,nutrition, giving up bad habits.
Individual conversations are held with patients at risk of developing any disease, the first symptoms and signs of the onset of the disease are told. The specialist reinforces his words with thematic printed materials - memos, booklets, which contain specific advice to eliminate the causes and factors that threaten he alth. Also, patients are invited to collective events - lectures, discussions, viewing of special films.
The most common types of diseases today include overweight, hypertension, alcoholism, pre-diabetic condition. Patients are outlined a range of problems leading to the onset of the disease - physical inactivity, bad habits, eating disorders, imbalances in work and rest, stress, etc.
Sanitary and educational work with this contingent is aimed at changing habits, developing reasonable behavior, and practicing a he althy lifestyle. From the positive changes that have taken place and the patient's own efforts, to a greater extent than from the efforts of a medical worker, depends on the speedy recovery, improvement of the condition, elimination of the threat of the appearance of pathology.
Education in hospitals
He alth educationwork in medical institutions of a stationary type is carried out in order to increase the effectiveness of the treatment of diseases, instilling hygiene skills in patients. To achieve results, the offices inform the public about the following:
- Rules of conduct in the department for patients and visitors. Features of the patient's behavior after discharge from the hospital, measures to prevent exacerbation and development of the disease. When informing, the need for a complete understanding by the patient of the nature of his disease, its course, condition is taken into account.
- General medical and hygienic issues are covered, the interest in which is increasing among patients.
All topics of he alth education are covered in conversations with the patient at every stage of his stay in the hospital:
- In the admissions department they talk about the rules of conduct in the institution, a memo is handed out, where the daily routine is indicated, the requirements for the patient are described.
- In the ward, a conversation is held individually or the whole group of patients of the ward is involved.
- In their free time from procedures, discussions or conversations are held with patients in common halls. In this case, visual aids, slides, illustrations with basic medical information, recommendations are used.
- At discharge, the doctor conducts a personal conversation, gives the patient a memo about behavior, gives recommendations for further prevention and rehabilitation.
Patients with chronic diseases are informed about the causes of the pathology that has arisen, they are given practical advice on pre-hospital self-help measures. The patient must know andnavigate the signs of the onset of an exacerbation of their condition in order to be able to take primary measures before the doctor arrives. The main audience of such lectures are patients suffering from cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma and a number of other pathologies.
Sister enlightenment
The he alth education work of a nurse begins from the moment a patient enters a medical institution and lasts throughout the entire period of his treatment or diagnosis. The main tasks of nursing staff are:
- Recommendations for the patient to prepare for research.
- Explanatory conversations with the patient and his relatives, accompanying persons.
- Conducting surveys, questioning patients, participating in the planning of he alth education activities.
- Recording and document flow of each lesson, lecture, individual or group conversation.
Knowledge-based nurse education:
- Fundamentals of occupational he alth, rest, mental hygiene and prevention of psychological conditions.
- Risk factors and methods for preventing the spread of disease.
- Fundamentals of physical activity, culture, hardening, the optimal mode of physical activity for each age category of the population.
- Basic problems of drug addiction, alcoholism, substance abuse, drug abuse.
- Issues of household hygiene, personalhygiene, ecological and radiation culture.
Nurse practices
Various methods of organizing he alth education for the dissemination of knowledge and information are encouraged in the activities of the nurse. The main method is a conversation on all the problems of interest to patients, as well as a discussion of self-help in cases of exacerbation of the disease. For a complete presentation of information, complex phrases and terms that are incomprehensible to a wide range of listeners are excluded from the text.
The structure of the conversation includes an introductory part, where the topic and its importance are announced, the main part provides factual material, the problem or issue is considered from different angles, the final part is devoted to conclusions. The duration of the conversation in the sanitary-educational work of the nurse is no more than 20 minutes, after the conversation it is necessary to answer all the questions that the listeners have. Before the conversation, its summary is written or an abstract is dedicated (reviewed by the doctor).
The topics of the he alth education work of a nurse are selected depending on the profile of the department, seasonal diseases, the interest shown by patients, the level of education and the age category of the patient.
Enlightenment for women
He alth education among the female population is differentiated by age and is divided into work with he althy individuals, women at risk and patients with gynecological diagnoses. Work is carried out asgroups of visitors, as well as individually. Patients are given booklets for further study with their husbands.
Women of reproductive age are encouraged to lead a he althy lifestyle. They talk about motherhood, family planning, present knowledge about medical genetic research in order to prevent hereditary or genetic pathologies in an unborn child. Also, medical workers pay attention to the awareness of women about the methods of preventing unwanted pregnancy, gynecological diseases, and explain the harm of abortion. Call for regular gynecological check-ups and to see a specialist when pregnant.
Patients with diagnosed diseases are given additional recommendations on further behavior in order to recover as soon as possible. Every visitor is introduced to information on cancer prevention.
Women of the older age group are told about the peculiarities of the course of menopause and menopause, hygiene issues in this period are widely covered, measures are recommended for the prevention of age-related gynecological diseases, including cancer.
Work with pregnant women is carried out throughout the entire period of bearing a child. A woman is instilled with knowledge about behavior, skills that contribute to the he alth of the mother and child, the preservation and successful resolution of pregnancy. Specialists individually and in collective lectures talk about behavior during childbirth, in the postpartum period, provide knowledge about caring for a baby from the first hours of his life, promote breastfeeding.feeding.
Expectant mothers are given printed material, which systematizes information about hygienic behavior in each period of pregnancy and childbirth. Educational work is also being carried out with the woman's relatives, primarily with the future father.
Education in children's institutions
In children's medical institutions, sanitary and educational work is carried out with parents, other family members, as well as a set of activities designed for school teachers and preschool teachers.
Objectives include:
- Spreading knowledge about child he alth.
- Formation of the need for annual medical examinations of the child.
- Formation of readiness to seek medical help, as well as the strict implementation of the doctor's recommendations for the speedy recovery of the child.
- Instilling knowledge and skills to create optimal living conditions that contribute to the he althy development of the child.
- Calls to develop he althy hygiene habits in children.
At the heart of the hygiene education of the family is the sequence of presenting the necessary knowledge to ensure the he alth of children. An individual conversation of a specialist is supported by printed materials detailing the necessary knowledge regarding the characteristics of the child's body in a particular age period.
A memo for parents can be collectedrecommendations on feeding, daily routine, care, physical activity, hardening procedures. The education system includes coverage of the need for professional examinations, scheduled vaccinations, the implementation of all the recommendations of the attending physician, etc.
