He alth education is a branch of medicine that develops methods of hygiene culture. Sanitary and hygienic education disseminates the necessary knowledge and skills among citizens in order to protect and strengthen the he alth of the population, prevent diseases, maintain activity and high working capacity throughout all periods of life, longevity, and education of the younger generation.
Principles and objectives
Sanitary and hygienic education is a branch of medical science that develops and implements methods to improve sanitary culture in all segments of the population. The tasks of he alth education include not only the dissemination of a hygienic culture, but also the stimulation of citizens to implement the knowledge gained in daily life, the development of he althy hygiene habits. Educational work is based on the experience of not only medicine as a science, but also the experience of sociology, pedagogy, and psychology.
Basic principles of he alth education in the Russian Federation:
- State value.
- Scientific approach.
- Accessibility of events for segments of the population.
- Mass coverage of all target audiences.
Shapes
He alth education forms are based on effective methods of propaganda and agitation, which are carried out in the forms:
- Oral transmission of information (personal and group conversations, lectures, discussions, direct communication with patients in the format of questions and answers, etc.).
- Media (television, radio, print periodicals, themed films, broadcasts, etc.).
- Visual campaigning (brochures, posters, leaflets, memos, etc.).
- Combination of funds (using multiple channels).
Active Methods
Active methods of promoting hygiene and sanitation culture include lectures, talks, seminars, round tables, “patient schools”, etc. That is, the most effective methods of he alth education are those where the lecturer or he alth worker has direct contact with the audience. Getting feedback is important because it makes it possible to find out how clear the material was read, helps to answer all the questions that concern the public, understand which topics need to be more fully disclosed and what knowledge or skills the target audience lacks.
To reinforce the knowledge gained, participants in conversations or lectures are given printed materials in the form of bulletins, leaflets, memos, etc. Lectures are often accompanied by thematic exhibitions where distributionsanitary and hygienic literature. The lecture is one of the methods of active propaganda and covers a significant number of listeners. The disadvantage of this form of education is the limited audience and short-term impact.
Another active form of knowledge dissemination and educational process is a conversation. For a thematic conversation, it is enough to allocate 15-20 minutes. When preparing this form of propaganda, they rely on factual material, give specific recommendations on the topic of the conversation, and suggest methods for achieving the desired result. The task of the oral method of he alth education is to transfer knowledge about disease prevention, a he althy lifestyle, occupational and household hygiene, etc.
Passive methods
Passive methods have less effect in solving tactical problems, but strategically they have no less impact on the audience. The means of this type of dissemination of knowledge and educational work are:
- Television (themed films, documentaries, shows, TV magazines, etc.).
- Print media (newspapers, magazines, non-fiction, educational literature, etc.).
- Radio (broadcasts, talks, radio dramas, etc.).
- Visual campaigning (posters, brochures, leaflets, visual arts, etc.).
Passive transfer of knowledge is massive and covers large groups of the population - regional centers, cities, republics or the country as a whole.
Directions
Sanitaryeducation has several goals, one of them is the promotion of a he althy lifestyle. The dissemination of information and the involvement of the population is implemented by the methods of agitation and propaganda and covers all areas of hygiene:
- Private, public.
- Labor (all types of activities - industrial, humanitarian, agricultural, etc.).
- Occupational diseases.
- Housing, food and education systems.
- Injury control.
The second goal of advocacy work in the field of he alth education of the population is to introduce into the daily activities of each person activities aimed at preventing diseases.
At the present stage, attention is paid to the prevention of such pathologies:
- Cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia).
- Oncological diseases (early detection of precancerous conditions).
- Tuberculosis.
- Sexually transmitted diseases.
- Acute colds.
Educational activities are carried out taking into account the characteristics of the target audience to which it is addressed (national traditions, gender, age, field of activity, etc.).
Institutions
The scientific and methodological center of sanitary education is the Central Research Institute of Medical Problems for Promoting a He althy Lifestyle.
The institution conducts research in the following areas:
- Medical and social aspectsHLS.
- Improving the system and methods of he alth education.
- Educational work for the he alth of women and children.
Educational and educational work is an obligatory part of the activity of every medical institution and all he alth workers. In the Russian Federation, all medical and preventive organizations are required to carry out appropriate activities aimed at educating the population.
The main activity in he alth education is in the competence of the centers of preventive work, as well as specialized prevention rooms at outpatient clinics and polyclinics. International organizations (Temperance Society, Red Cross, etc.) also contribute to the organization of enlightenment.
Education in clinics
Medical institutions at each level apply their own approaches to he alth education of the population. For outpatient clinics and polyclinics, the most effective method of promoting a he althy lifestyle is to involve he althy citizens in regular preventive examinations.
During the medical examination, he althy people are told about the benefits of a he althy lifestyle, recommendations are given on the types of physical activity available, advice on the nutrition system, and campaigning is carried out to combat bad habits.
Citizens with an identified threat of the appearance of pathology are given advice on the prevention of diseases by doctors of the polyclinic, they are told about the first signs and symptoms of the disease, it is mandatorya memo with a systematic material on the rules and correction of hygienic behavior is awarded.
Patients with chronic diseases are registered, invited to classes and lectures. During these events, patients are told about the methods of pre-medical self-help, they are given recommendations for maintaining he alth and preventing exacerbations of the disease.
Visual propaganda is actively used in polyclinics - he alth corners, posters with calls to lead a he althy lifestyle, materials with information about the most common diseases and ways to prevent them are placed near the offices of specialists. Doctors conduct individual conversations with patients, answer all questions, give personal recommendations for the correction of sanitary behavior in all types of life.
Education in hospitals
He alth education in hospitals focuses on educating patients about the rules of hygienic behavior in the hospital and after discharge from it. The attending physician and the nurse advise the patient on general hygiene issues, give recommendations that contribute to a speedy recovery.
In hospitals for patients, lectures, talks, evenings of questions and answers are organized, patients are involved in thematic discussions. These forms of propaganda and agitation are carried out both individually and in groups united by the common problem of one disease, bad habits or lifestyle.
He alth education in epidemic areas is aimed ata call to the sick for speedy hospitalization, the same work is carried out with the next of kin of the affected persons. Sanitary briefing of the population of the region covered by the epidemic is being carried out.
Instruction and training
Compulsory he alth education courses for workers in some speci alties:
- Hairdressers, attendants.
- Grocery vendors.
- Laundry staff.
- Workers of waterworks and housing services, etc.
For each category of employment there is a certain rate, depending on the characteristics, specifics of the activity. Subjects required to study, regardless of the field of activity, are:
- Environmental protection.
- Public he alth (protection of water sources, atmosphere, waste disposal and disposal, prevention of occupational diseases).
- Employee he alth protection (general rules of hygienic and sanitary safety, compliance with TB in the workplace, use of personal protective equipment in production, etc.).
Knowledge is the path to he alth
The role of he alth education is to actively form a he althy lifestyle among citizens. Using the methods of propaganda and agitation, medical and social workers convince citizens of the need to comply with the rules of sanitary culture.
The ultimate goal of public he alth education is strong beliefs backed byhabits and actions aimed at maintaining he alth, mental and physical activity, participation in professional examinations, disease prevention.
