The human body is a well-coordinated system in which all processes are regulated by each other. And every body in its composition contributes to maintaining the integrity of the work.
Along with the brain, one of the most important regulatory mechanisms is the human endocrine system. It carries out its action through the endocrine glands, which secrete hormones that have certain functions and affinity for specific target cells. So, the thyroid gland plays an important role in the development of the body, affects all types of metabolism. It secretes thyroid hormones that promote physical and mental development in children, provide metabolism and energy in adults. In turn, their production is regulated by the nervous system, namely the biologically active substances of the pituitary gland and releasing factors of the hypothalamus. Thus, thyroid hormones are always at a certain level in the blood and increase with special needs of the body, while their decrease may indicate a lack of thyroid function or iodine.
Hormones
Glandula thyroidea (thyroid gland)attached to the trachea and consists of the right and left lobes, connected by an isthmus. Direct synthesis of thyroid hormones is carried out in its follicles, filled from the inside with a colloid, the basis of which is protein - thyroglobulin. With further iodination of amino acid residues of tyrosine in its structure and subsequent summation of the obtained compounds, triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine (T3 and T4) are formed. Further, the resulting thyroid hormones are cleaved from the thyroglobulin molecule and enter the bloodstream in a free form. They have different concentrations, and also differ in strength of action (T3 is released in much smaller doses, but its strength is much greater than that of T4). However, hormones have the same effect on the body: they increase fat and carbohydrate metabolism (increase glucose levels), trigger gluconeogenesis, inhibit the formation of glycogen in the liver and increase protein synthesis (in excess, on the contrary, increase the breakdown of the latter).
Outwardly, this is manifested by the fact that they support blood pressure and heart rate, as well as body temperature, accelerate mental and emotional processes. In the embryonic period, thyroid hormones are responsible for the differentiation of tissues throughout the body. In childhood, they contribute to the growth and mental development of the child. In addition, they enhance erythropoiesis, reduce tubular water reabsorption.
Diseases
In some diseases of the thyroid gland, the secretion of hormones is reduced (hypothyroidism). ATIn this case, they must be replaced with medicines. What can compensate for the lack of such elements as thyroid hormones? The drugs used in this case are Levothyroxine (T4), Liothyronine (T3) and various iodine-containing medicines. Both deficiency and excess of thyroid hormones lead to metabolic diseases in the body, which are clinically manifested by a violation of homeostasis and psychomotor activity. The degree of damage depends on the age of the patient (cretinism only in children), the level of deficiency or excess of hormones (hyperthyroidism 1, 2, 3 degrees). With the latter, shortness of breath, palpitations, increased blood pressure, a violation of all types of metabolism are observed. With a lack, on the contrary, the metabolism is reduced, the patient becomes lethargic, indifferent.
