Dysplasia is most often a congenital pathology that develops during fetal development. But it happens that it manifests itself after birth, and in adults. It is characterized by abnormal, abnormal development of human cells and organs. From the Greek language, the name "dysplasia" is translated as "forming disorders." Pathology can be either hidden, not affecting a person's life, or obvious, seriously undermining his he alth.
Causes of dysplasia
The main reason for the appearance and development of dysplasia in a person is considered to be a genetic predisposition transmitted to him from his ancestors.
There are other reasons why cells and organs of an adult can change:
- Impaired hormone levels in the body.
- Unfavorable environment - dust, heat, radiation, polluted air.
- Featuresa person's profession.
- Chronic lack of oxygen.
- The consequences of physical trauma. In women, most often - after a birth injury.
There is a type of dysplasia that occurs as a result of a viral infection. This type of pathology is called cervical dysplasia and is represented by human papillomavirus.
Classification of pathology
There is no separate understanding of dysplasia in medical science. Pathology is the name of the organ or system of the human body in which it manifested itself. For example, some specialists deal with dysplasia of the epithelium or cervix, and others deal with ectodermal dysplasia.
There is also dysplasia of cartilaginous, bone tissues and joints. There is even fibromuscular dysplasia. It is clear that different specialists deal with each type of disease.
Moreover, dysplasia varies in location and time of manifestation. For example, congenital pathology is called perinatal, and developed later - acquired. Accordingly, the symptoms of dysplasia are strikingly different depending on the type of pathology.
Cervical Dysplasia
Cervical dysplasia - what is this disease? This condition is caused by human papillomavirus, and it is dangerous because if the disease is left without timely treatment, it can turn into cancer. Therefore, every woman needs to have at least a general understanding of cervical dysplasia, what it is and how it manifests itself.
The danger of this condition also lies in the fact that it may not manifest itself for many years, sincethe immune system successfully copes with the growth of the virus in the blood. But as soon as a woman suffers any serious disease that weakens her immune system, cervical dysplasia gets a chance to develop. It is noted that patients who smoke and drink alcohol have signs of cervical dysplasia 4 times more often than he althy women. This is due to the fact that bad habits significantly weaken a person's immunity.
As such, this type of pathology has no symptoms. Sometimes the color and consistency of the discharge only slightly changes, but this is only if there is an inflammatory process in the uterus. In rare cases, growths on the cervix create discomfort and cause pain during intercourse. In general, cervical dysplasia is diagnosed incidentally during a routine gynecological examination.
Severity of cervical dysplasia
Symptoms of cervical dysplasia are determined by the severity, that is, the depth of infiltration of affected cells in the epithelium layer.
At the first degree, the depth of penetration of the affected cells is small - about a third of the entire thickness of the cervical wall.
The second degree is characterized by the penetration of cells into the thickness of the epithelium by about half. But at this stage of the development of the disease, it is impossible to distinguish the first degree from the second, due to the weak instrumental and laboratory base.
It usually takes about 5 years to go from Grade 1 to Grade 2, sometimes more.
In the third degree, there is a complete defeat of all layers of the epithelium. And ifthe affected cells have penetrated the lowest, basal layer, the development of an oncological disease is expected.
Therapy for cervical dysplasia of the cervix
The choice of treatment for this pathology depends on the symptoms of cervical endometrial dysplasia and the extent of the affected area.
In addition, the age of the patient, her general condition, and most importantly, whether she is going to give birth in the future or not.
The goal of medical procedures is the same - the removal of the affected tissue, but there are several methods to achieve this result:
- Burning off affected cells with high-frequency electricity.
- Destruction of cells by freezing at extremely low temperatures. This is achieved with liquid nitrogen.
- Removal of affected cells with a laser beam.
- Destruction of the structure of diseased cells by radio waves of a certain frequency.
- Cutting off the affected area by the surgical method.
- Complete removal of the affected organ.
After the operation, the woman undergoes a course of treatment aimed at strengthening the immune system in order to avoid the possibility of a relapse, since HPV is still considered incurable. But with proper therapy and a he althy lifestyle, it does not manifest itself in any way until the end of a person's life.
Connective tissue dysplasia
Connective tissue cells are present in all organs of the human body. This is the only cell that fills the voids in the intercellular space with stickysubstance.
Symptoms of soft tissue dysplasia in children appear even in childhood, and are so diverse that doctors often cannot understand the root of the problem for many years of a baby's development. For example, an orthopedist sees problems in the development of the lower extremities, and the therapist notes general weakness and frequent colds. Other specialists also find deviations and try to treat them to the best of their ability.
But the problem lies much deeper - dysplasia touched the connective tissue even in the period of intrauterine development. That is why the symptoms of this type of disease are superior in variety to all other types of pathology.
Symptoms of connective tissue dysplasia
Symptoms appear in almost the entire system of the child's body:
- First of all, you need to pay attention to the skeletal system of the child. The ribs of the baby give the chest a keeled or funnel shape. The spine is bent, the hip joints are poorly developed, the bones are fragile and brittle. At the same time, the joints of the limbs acquire abnormal mobility, the child easily twists his arms and legs almost 180 degrees. Most often, the symptoms of this type of dysplasia appear in the legs of the child - curvature of the knees, flat feet, clubfoot, and so on.
- In the muscular system of the body there is a pronounced weakness, accompanied by frequent ruptures and sprains. Fatigue increases, sleep is disturbed, a person suffers from frequent dizziness, there are severe pains behind the sternum, in the region of the heart. Pain inlimbs and back almost all the time is also one of the symptoms of connective tissue dysplasia. In addition, a person has constantly low blood pressure.
- The organs of vision undergo irreversible changes, such as myopia, degeneration of the eye fundus. Various anomalies appear in the sclera and cornea, in rare cases, subluxation of the lens is recorded.
- Anomalies such as a shortened tongue frenulum, uneven weak teeth, gum inflammation and even lower jaw deformity appear in the jaw and face area.
- In the cardiovascular system, such dangerous conditions are observed as an increase in the diameter of the aorta in its upper part, deformation of the mitral valve, aneurysms in the interatrial septum, arrhythmia, tachycardia and other heart problems. All this is accompanied by a person's frequent loss of consciousness against the background of oxygen starvation.
- Diverticula, hernias, weak mobility of the walls of the stomach occur in the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes the stomach or pancreas sinks below its natural location. All this leads to constant belching and transfusion of gastric juice into the esophagus. The consequence of such conditions is gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
- Symptoms of bronchopulmonary dysplasia are the presence of multiple cysts in the tissues of the lungs, hyperventilation, and a collapse of the lung can occur at any time. A person with these manifestations is prone to frequent bronchitis or pneumonia.
- In the genitourinary system, the formation of multiple cysts in the parenchyma of the kidney, prolapsekidneys, boys have varicose veins in the spermatic cord.
External examination reveals multiple stretch marks and hematomas on the skin. The skin is porous and dry. A person with dysplasia is often short on weight and height.
Treatment of connective tissue dysplasia
Treatment of connective tissue dysplasia begins with a detailed diagnosis. The doctor needs to find out what symptoms of dysplasia have been observed recently. Therefore, a detailed history and examination of the patient is carried out. To clarify the diagnosis, instrumental diagnostics are used using ECG, ultrasound, X-ray of bones and magnetic resonance imaging.
Therapy of this disease is divided into medication and physiotherapy.
The use of various drugs, designed to normalize the patient's condition and restore network-like metabolism, prevails in the medical method. The patient is taking phosphorus-calcium preparations, drugs to stimulate the formation of halogen, glucosamine, chondroitin and other chondroprotectors.
It should be noted that all drugs are prescribed exclusively individually by a specialist. When prescribing and choosing a dosage, he is guided by the general condition of the patient, his age and many other parameters.
The physiotherapeutic course of treatment includes exercise therapy, massage, moderate physical activity, and sets of exercises are prescribed individually.
The right diet has a great influence on the patient's condition, so it often takesparticipation of a nutritionist. He makes sure that the patient consumes an increased amount of protein and fat and, accordingly, reduces the consumption of rapidly digestible carbohydrates.
Be sure to include foods containing vitamins B and C, as well as silicon, selenium, potassium, calcium, copper, manganese, iron and other minerals and trace elements in the diet.
It is advisable for children with this diagnosis to spend their holidays in sanatorium-resort complexes. There, they will not only receive physiotherapy treatment, but also learn to live in accordance with the correct daily routine, eat according to the prescribed diet, receive fresh fruits and vegetables, and sweets and carbohydrates will be minimized. In addition, they will regularly exercise there.
For a full recovery, adults are advised to monitor their emotional background, be less nervous and stress themselves. If this is not possible due to professional activities, it is advisable to change jobs.
Surgical treatment is performed in rare cases and in conditions where other treatment is no longer effective. For example, cysts are surgically removed from the kidneys or lungs. But at the same time, the patient must undergo both drug and non-drug treatment, otherwise cysts may re-form.
Joint Dysplasia in Adults
If a small child is not diagnosed with hip dysplasia in time, then with his growing up, abnormal deviations from the norm will necessarily appear. This is, for example, the so-called habitual dislocation of the hipjoint. Joint dysplasia in adults is accompanied by weak ligaments that are unable to hold the joint in place, which, in fact, leads to dislocations. In the absence of adequate treatment, lipids accumulate in the joint bag, preventing the joint from falling into place. Hence severe lameness or complete loss of the ability to walk.
Symptoms of hip dysplasia in adults are poor mobility, the inability to raise the leg 90 degrees up or to the side, the presence of habitual dislocation.
Therapy for joint dysplasia
Therapy is impossible without the correct diagnosis of dysplasia, and even at an early age. And if the baby still has a chance with the right therapy, namely massage, exercise therapy, wearing splints, to return the necessary mobility to the joints, then in adults there is only one method of treatment - a surgical operation.
With a mild form of dysplasia, it is enough to surgically change the structure of the articular bag. In severe cases, the joint can be replaced with an artificial prosthesis. Usually such a severe form occurs by the age of 45-50.
Conclusion
Dysplasia can affect almost all systems in the human body, so the treatment of this pathology is long, including a variety of methods and drugs. In order to reduce the likelihood of dysplasia in a newborn baby, the expectant mother should take her pregnancy more seriously even at the stage of intrauterine development. It is necessary to regularly undergo an examination by a doctor using modern diagnostic technologies. Eat a varied and balanced diet, give up bad habits such as smoking and drinking alcohol. You can not strive to control your weight and refuse protein and high-calorie foods. Need more outdoor activities. Only under such conditions will a baby be born without any physical or mental impairment, even if his parents were once diagnosed with some type of dysplasia.
