Cyst is a benign neoplasm, which is a bubble or sac with liquid contents. A similar pathology occurs quite often in women of childbearing age. Such a tumor grows due to the accumulation of fluid in the cavity and can increase the size of the ovary several times. When its wall is destroyed, the ovarian cyst ruptures.
This condition is considered an emergency and requires very urgent diagnosis and treatment. After rupture of an ovarian cyst, its contents can penetrate into the peritoneum, which threatens the development of peritonitis and signs of an acute abdomen.
What neoplasms can be
Rupture of an ovarian cyst can be classified according to its manifestations. In particular, they are divided into such forms as:
- hemorrhagic;
- pain;
- mixed.
In addition, this condition can occur in several forms, it all depends on the severity of the disease. It is customary to distinguish between a true cyst and a cystic tumor. There may also be paraovarian neoplasms,the difference of which is that they are formed without involvement in the pathological process of the tissues of the ovary and the structures of this organ. A feature of such formations is that they can be very large.
Functional cystic formations, consisting of their own tissues, are divided into luteal and follicular. Luteal cells are formed from the corpus luteum as a result of the accumulation of an excessive amount of fluid. A follicular cyst occurs if ovulation has not occurred, as the unruptured follicle gradually increases in size. Basically, they go away on their own after a while, but there may be a rupture of an ovarian cyst. This does not happen often, since the shell of such formations is quite dense.
Reason for breakup
A cyst of absolutely any type may well burst, and then the contents enter the abdominal cavity, which leads to dangerous consequences. The rupture of an ovarian cyst in women is associated with the characteristics of the tissues of which it consists. However, it is worth noting that the reasons have not yet been established.
Doctors believe that this is primarily due to hormonal disorders in the body. Predisposing factors may be the peculiarity of the circulation of the genital organs at different periods of the menstrual cycle, as well as the existing pathologies of the vascular system. If the walls of the vessels are too thin, then during the menstrual cycle, when they are filled with blood and expand, their permeability increases and may occurdisruption of tissue integrity. Among the main provoking factors are the following:
- malposition of the uterus;
- frequent abortions;
- polycystic;
- inflammatory processes;
- benign and malignant neoplasms;
- psychological factors;
- physical overwork.
However, complete rest also does not guarantee that a break will not occur. There are cases that such a violation occurred even in sleeping women who were in a state of complete rest. Deterioration of well-being can provoke diseases associated with impaired blood microcirculation, as well as its coagulability. In addition, doctors note the relationship with the intake of certain medications.
Main symptoms
Symptoms of a ruptured ovarian cyst are quite pronounced, since it is impossible not to notice a violation of the integrity of this formation. Regardless of its type, in any case, strong painful sensations are observed, up to a state of shock and loss of consciousness. Sometimes the symptoms are confused with intestinal obstruction or acute appendicitis. If the first symptoms of a ruptured ovarian cyst appear, it is imperative to call an ambulance and undergo immediate comprehensive treatment. Among the main signs, one can distinguish such as:
- pain in the lower abdomen;
- nausea and vomiting;
- loss of consciousness;
- high temperature;
- bloating;
- disruption of bowel function, dizziness.
Violationthe integrity of the formation is accompanied by bleeding into the abdominal cavity. Among the first signs of a ruptured ovarian cyst, one can single out a sharp pain in the abdomen, as well as in the perineum, which eventually radiates to the lower back or thigh. In addition, there may be severe weakness and a decrease in pressure. A characteristic symptom of a ruptured ovarian cyst in women is severe pallor of the skin. If other internal organs are damaged, acute abdomen syndrome is observed.
An accurate diagnosis can only be made through surgery.
Dermoid type
A neoplasm on the ovary of the dermoid type is considered by doctors to be one of the most difficult, since its contents are rich in various tissues and its cause has not yet been fully determined. If the integrity of this process is violated, symptoms such as:
- severe pain;
- bleeding;
- dizziness;
- weakness.
It is possible to determine the presence of violations of this type only when conducting a comprehensive diagnosis.
Follicular cyst
Neoplasms of the follicular type on the ovaries are most common. They respond well to drug therapy through the use of hormonal drugs. With proper therapy, they can resolve on their own. If the cyst ruptures, then the woman experiences a very strong cutting pain, which is accompanied by intoxication. At the same time, the temperature can remain normal, and the skin becomespale or bluish tint.
In the presence of an intra-abdominal hemorrhage, the pressure can drop significantly, and the heartbeat becomes more frequent. It is worth noting that this type of neoplasm is especially dangerous for those who are planning a pregnancy. As a result of this, there is a violation of the integrity of the internal organs and peritonitis may develop, which threatens with severe blood loss, as well as the occurrence of adhesive processes. This can lead to infertility.
Yellow body
If the integrity of the process of the corpus luteum on the ovary is violated, then immediately there is a very strong pain in the lower abdomen. Additionally, it may be accompanied by vomiting, nausea, weakness, and excessive sweating. If a rupture is observed in the vascular region of the ovary, then there is a high probability of hemorrhage in the pelvic region.
When such a violation occurs, the woman is in a state of shock, becomes weak and drowsy. A characteristic sign is considered a strong decrease in pressure with a rapid heartbeat.
Endometrioid type
Among the main symptoms of a ruptured neoplasm of the endometrioid type on the ovary are severe pain in the abdomen. In addition, there is severe nausea and vomiting. Often noted increased gas formation, as well as a violation of intestinal motility.
The woman's body temperature remains normal. If such symptoms are detected, an examination should be urgently carried out, since this condition can be very dangerous. Helpa doctor in this case will be just saving.
Does a cyst necessarily burst
If a woman has a cyst on her ovary, this does not mean at all that it must burst. Basically, such a formation is of follicular significance, does not cause any discomfort and literally passes through several menstrual cycles. Violation of its integrity leads to very dangerous consequences, which largely depend on the type of cyst itself.
Often, a change in shape and boundaries occurs in the presence of follicular neoplasms and processes of the corpus luteum. The thing is that the cystic walls in this case burst from sports, physical labor or too intense sexual contact. However, damage does not always pose a danger to the patient, since if the blood loss is not more than 100 ml, the operation is not performed. At the same time, in order to avoid the development of the inflammatory process, a course of antibiotics is prescribed.
When a follicular type cyst ruptures, fluid is released through the vagina. If the tumor is located on the leg, then it can provoke a transition to a more severe tumor, peritonitis or necrosis. If there is a violation of the integrity of the dermoid or endometrioid formation, then the consequences can be very dangerous and surgical intervention is required. The contents of the cyst can provoke intoxication and blood poisoning.
Diagnostics
Symptoms and consequences of a ruptured ovarian cyst can be very different, so it is important to conduct timely diagnosis and comprehensivetreatment. Only a doctor can suspect a violation of integrity as a result of a survey and examination of the patient. It is possible to make a correct diagnosis only when carrying out instrumental, hardware and laboratory studies, in particular, such as:
- gynecological examination;
- puncture of the fornix;
- laparoscopy;
- ultrasound diagnostics;
- blood test.
Gynecological examination allows you to determine the vascular pulsation in the vaginal fornix, soreness and swelling, if there was heavy bleeding. With the help of ultrasound diagnostics, it is possible to determine the presence of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Anemia and leukocytosis are found in the blood.
Conservative treatment
Treatment of a ruptured ovarian cyst can be conservative, if the violations are minor and the patient's life is not in danger, or by performing a surgical intervention. At the stage of recovery, patients are advised to comply with contraception and conduct physiotherapy, in particular the use of techniques such as:
- tubal stimulation;
- laser therapy;
- magnetotherapy;
- electrophoresis.
Conservative methods involve the use of hemostatic drugs, antispasmodics, vitamins, applying cold to the affected area. At the stage of recovery, electrophoresis may be prescribed. This procedure is mainly carried out using calcium chloride.
Operating
Ifthere was a rupture of the ovarian cyst, the operation is performed in most cases, since often this is the only way to save the patient's life and restore her reproductive functions. Surgery is often limited to laparoscopy, and sometimes a laparotomy may be required. The volume of intervention may be different, it all depends on the degree of tissue damage.
Laparoscopy implies that special instruments are inserted through 3 punctures on the anterior wall of the peritoneum. After that, cauterization of the ruptured cyst is carried out and blood is pumped out. Laparotomy consists in the fact that after an incision is made on the anterior wall of the peritoneum, the ovary is removed to the area of the surgical field, the cyst cavity is sutured, excess blood is removed from the abdominal cavity and the wound is sutured.
What could be the complications
The consequences of a ruptured ovarian cyst can be very different. Allocate early and late complications. Early ones occur directly during the period of medical care, and distant ones - already in the process of recovery.
The most dangerous complication after rupture of an ovarian cyst can be considered the occurrence of a shock condition, which is observed with severe blood loss and a decrease in circulating blood volume. This can lead to the death of the patient. In addition, one of the complications is the need for removal of the ovary. Surgeons try to save this organ, but this is not always possible. Sometimes removal is the only way to save a patient's life.
There may be bacterial postoperative complications that are eliminated by antibiotic therapy. Long-term consequences are much more difficult to prevent and include such as:
- repeated rupture of the cyst;
- adhesive processes;
- ectopic pregnancy;
- infertility;
- hormonal disorders.
All these processes are closely interconnected. A woman can become pregnant even with one ovary, however, provided that the tubes are normal and the menstrual cycle is regular.
Prophylaxis
To prevent cyst rupture, prophylaxis must be carried out. If a neoplasm occurs, it is necessary to carry out treatment by using conservative methods or surgically. In addition, it is important to undergo regular examinations by a gynecologist and do an ultrasound of the ovaries.
Any inflammatory processes should be treated in a timely manner, as they can provoke many complications.
