Blood transfusion is a very complex and dangerous procedure that must be carried out under the strict supervision of doctors and only after a biological sample of the material has been taken. With its help, not only the blood group and its Rh are determined, but also find out whether the patient's blood is compatible with the donor's.
Features of the procedure
A biological sample is carried out in a certain way according to a scheme approved by specialists. In another way, this type of diagnosis is called checking the compatibility of the donor and the patient.
During testing, the patient is injected three times with the donor's blood. First, 25 ml of raw material is introduced, after which the system is closed. If no changes in the patient's condition are observed within a certain time (3 minutes), then another same dose is administered and again a three-minute break is taken. Then another 25 ml of blood is injected and paused.
If there are no changes in the patient's condition after the time has elapsed, this indicates that the donor's blood suits him. In case ifthe patient begins to behave restlessly, his pressure rises, breathing becomes difficult, this may indicate incompatibility.
The most dangerous thing is to give a blood transfusion to a patient in a coma. In this case, it will be difficult to notice changes in well-being. In this state, incompatibility is manifested by an increase in heart rate and a drop in blood pressure.
During a biological test, blood should be infused in a stream. This is a necessary condition that helps prevent large amounts of blood from being transfused.
Transfusion procedure
Disposable kits are used for biological samples. The system must contain detailed instructions for its use. Do not use an open system as this could lead to infection in the patient.
Before filling the system, the he althcare worker must thoroughly mix the blood with the plasma. To do this, the bottle is moved up and down several times. The cap of the package is treated with alcohol and only then opened. This is done with sterile scissors. While the system is filling with blood, it is necessary to monitor the ongoing process. A biological sample during a blood transfusion requires constant monitoring by he alth workers of the patient's condition.
Sample Rules
Before starting a transfusion, it is necessary to take blood from a donor, determine its group and Rh, and also conduct similar tests by taking the patient's blood. After that, prepare the material for testing.
When transfused can usethe material available in the bank or to take blood from a donor invited to donate it for a particular patient. If stocks of a blood bank are taken, then the package must be inspected for integrity, the expiration date is checked.
A biological test during blood transfusion is carried out during each procedure, even if the group and Rh match. During this manipulation, the patient's condition is assessed at each stage of the test. At the end of the transfusion, a special form is filled in.
Before and after the procedure
Before conducting a biological sample, it is necessary to ensure that the blood taken from the donor is properly stored. To do this, it is placed in the refrigerator, and before use, it is allowed to warm up (at least half an hour).
In case of emergency transfusion, special warming in a water bath can be used (blood temperature should not exceed 35 degrees). After that, the material is left indoors at room temperature.
A biological test before transfusion is carried out regardless of the volume of blood that is supposed to be injected. They also conduct tests before repeated transfusions and when using each new bag, even if the same blood will be used.
After the procedure, the bag with the remaining blood is stored for at least three days. In the event of a deterioration in the patient's he alth, doctors will be able to identify the cause and quickly provide the necessary assistance in full.
When transfused, you cannot infuse others into the bloodmedicines. Only the use of sodium chloride is allowed, but only as a supplement and on an individual basis.
Compatibility
There is a blood transfusion compatibility table that displays which group and Rh material is suitable for the patient.
Compatibility Chart
| Recipient | Donor | |||||||
| 0(I) Rh negative | 0(I) Rh gender. | A(II) Rh negative | A(II) Rh sex. | B(III) Rh negative | B(III) Rh gender. | AB(IV)Rh negative | AB(IV) Rh sex. | |
| 0(I) Rh negative | + | |||||||
| 0(I) Rh gender. | + | + | ||||||
| A(II) Rh negative | + | + | ||||||
| A(II) Rh sex. | + | + | + | + | ||||
| B(III) Rh negative | + | + | ||||||
| B(III) Rh gender. | + | + | + | + | ||||
| AB(IV) Rh negative | + | + | + | + | ||||
| AB(IV) Rh sex. | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Patient's condition after transfusion
After the procedure, the patient must ensure compliance with bed rest for several hours. His body temperature is measured hourly, blood pressure is monitored, urination is assessed. If the urine turns red, then this indicates hemolysis.
To prevent serious disorders, blood and urine samples are taken the day after the transfusion. If the tests show the norm, then you can safely carry out a second procedure. Subsequent follow-ups of the patient by a specialist are assigned individually and depend on the patient's state of he alth and pathology.
In case of serious ailments, observation is carried out regularly in the hospital. Urine collection, UAC is mandatory. At the same time, diagnostics are carried out for leukopenia and other pathological manifestations.
You can not release the patient immediately after the procedure. Ideally, if everything went well, the patient should be under the supervision of doctors for at least a day, in extreme cases, patients are released earlier, but not less than three hours after the transfusion.
