Diabetes, AIDS and cancer are among the most dangerous diseases on the planet, and worst of all, they tend to spread. Diabetes is the least dangerous of the three diseases.
Detecting diabetes, especially type I, is relatively easy. If you first have a dry mouth and are tormented by intense thirst during the day, then you must first take a blood test. The interpretation of "sugar is the norm" means that your glucose is in the range of 3.3-5.5 mmol / l and therefore the reason for this condition is somewhat different.
Types of diabetes and the difference between them
There are 2 types of diabetes. They have similar symptoms, but they use different treatment methods that every diabetic should understand.
Type I diabetes develops when there is not enough or no insulin in the blood at all. This hormone is secreted by β-cells of the pancreas (islets of Langerhans) and ensures the penetration of glucose (sugar) from the blood into the cells. If it is not enough or not at all, then the sugar that comes with food cannot completelyabsorbed by cells and circulates in excess, which eventually leads to serious complications. This type of diabetes develops mainly in young people and children. There are many reasons for its occurrence, but the most significant are viral infection, genetic predisposition and autoimmune pathology.
Type II diabetes develops when there is enough insulin in the blood, but the cells do not perceive it. The so-called insulin resistance develops. The problem is hidden on the surface of the cell membrane, where a specific protein is located - the carrier of glucose into the cell. If this component does not respond to insulin, then it cannot transfer sugar in full.
Adult blood test and glucose levels
Sugar levels are relatively constant. It fluctuates slightly depending on the various states of the body, but most often it rests on one
level. Often we hear how our friend or neighbor, who has recently been diagnosed with diabetes, complains that he has a blood sugar of 10, what to do - he does not know. This happens for the reason that a person does not quite understand the mechanism of regulation of sugar levels during the day.
Both for a child and an adult, blood sugar levels from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol/l are considered normal. Some laboratories indicate the norm from 4.4 to 6.6, which is associated with the use of a slightly different measurement method (the Hagedorn-Jensen method). Therefore, blood sugar 6 is a normal variant. ATin most foreign clinics, the units of this indicator are somewhat different - this is mg / dl. Therefore, it should be taken into account that in 1 mmol there are 18 mg / dl of a certain substance in order to decipher the norms of blood tests in adults.
An increase in blood sugar is observed after stress and nervous strain, with hormonal disorders and the consumption of large amounts of high-calorie foods. The mechanism of such a reaction is quite simple. Stress causes the release of stress hormones into the blood, of which cortisol is the most important. The latter refers to substances that raise the level of glucose to protect the central nervous system from significant stress, which is laid down by evolution. Hormonal disorders are often observed in patients with an endocrinological profile.
In this case, we are interested in an increased level of the so-called contrainsular hormones, which include most of them: adrenaline, cortisol, thyroxine, glucagon, testosterone and others. These compounds, when synthesized in excess, provoke an increase in blood glucose. High-calorie food contains a large amount of carbohydrates, which are broken down in the gastrointestinal tract to simple compounds, and then to glucose. It enters the blood in excess, which predetermines the development of hyperglycemia.
Reduced sugar levels are usually observed after fasting and with an excess of insulin in the blood. Limited food intake and its low energy value over time leads to weight loss and the need to useother compounds to maintain blood sugar levels. Excess insulin can be the result of improper dosage or administration. Elevated levels of the hormone may indicate a pancreatic tumor - an insuloma.
Hyperglycemia and its manifestations
The state of hyperglycemia should be understood as an increase in glucose levels. That is
when its level exceeds 5, 5 or 6, 6. An increase in glucose concentration can reach high numbers - up to 25 or more, which is very dangerous for the body and can be fatal. This is especially true for a person with diabetes, for whom a blood sugar of 12 or more may not cause any changes in well-being.
The state of hyperglycemia is more often manifested at sufficiently high rates. The patient feels intense thirst and frequent urge to urinate, dry mouth appears, unmotivated general weakness and weight loss. Signs of blood sugar may appear as an incomprehensible sensation of crawling on the skin or as frequent fungal or infectious diseases that should be treated for a long time.
Hypoglycemia and its manifestations
Reducing sugar to 3 mmol/l and below is called hypoglycemia. For a diabetic with experience, even with a glucometer reading of 2.0, no changes in the general condition may be noted, which is associated with the body's adaptation to "sugar" fluctuations.
In general, a hypoglycemic state is more dangerous than high sugar. This danger is due, firstly, torapid dynamics of development and a high probability of loss of consciousness. When glucose levels begin to drop below their normal levels, patients complain of hunger, heart failure, and irritability.
Normal glucose for a diabetic
It is extremely rare for patients living with diabetes to achieve normal sugar levels. Therefore, for such patients, limiting limits are set from 5 to 7.2 mmol per liter on an empty stomach and below 10 - 2 hours after a meal. If such numbers are kept almost every day, then you minimize the likelihood of the occurrence and development of complications as much as possible.
Often, patients are interested in the question: how to behave when blood sugar is 10. What to do, the doctor will most qualifiedly tell you, but over the years of living with the disease, you will learn how to correctly calculate the dose of insulin or pills that are needed to reduce sugar.
The concept of renal threshold
The kidneys are one of the body's biggest filters. The kidney filter consists of several floors of cells, which ensure the preservation of the necessary compounds and the removal of compounds harmful to the body. Glucose is also a compound that has a certain filtration threshold. It averages 10 mmol/l. This means that if the patient notes a glycemia of 10.5 mmol and above, then traces of sugar can be found in the urine. While with normal glucose, urinalysis does not note the appearance of sugar. Therefore, you should not worry too much when blood sugar is 10. Every experienced diabetic knows what to do: enterthe required dose of insulin or take a sugar-lowering pill - in 30 minutes the glycemia will decrease.
The concept of "prediabetes"
Type II diabetes is never unexpected. Long-standing
blood sugar level provokes adaptation of cells to high levels of glucose and insulin, which in a few years can provoke a classic picture of the disease. This so-called transitional period is called prediabetes. From the point of view of prevention, such a period of time is very important. Timely diagnosed hyperglycemia allows not only to reduce sugar levels, but also to prevent the development of future pathology.
Diagnosis of prediabetes and normative indicator for a diabetic
In case of symptoms of hyperglycemia, you should immediately consult a doctor. In addition, it is very important to monitor blood sugar on your own, which is especially important for people over 40. You just need to take a blood test for sugar at least once every six months, which is of great preventive importance.
Quite often, patients say: "For the first time in my life, my blood sugar is 10, what should I do?" The answer may come from a glucose tolerance test. Such an analysis allows you to clearly determine whether you have prediabetes or already a classic picture of diabetes. The test is carried out on an empty stomach. The patient is asked to drink a sugar solution that contains 75 units of glucose. Sugar levels are measured both before the test and 2 hours after it. The blood sugar table below indicatestranscript of the results.
| Indicator | For prediabetes | For Diabetes |
| Fasted sugar | 5, 5-7, 1 | >7 |
| Sugar after 2 hours | 7, 8-11, 0 | >11, 0 |
For a diabetic, the optimal level of sugar fluctuation during the day is from 5 to 7 mmol / l. For periodic checks, you can take a blood test. Deciphering "sugar is the norm" is a confirmation that you are properly controlling your diabetes.
Diet
Healing nutrition for both types of diabetes is Diet 9. It has specific requirements, compliance with which allows you to effectively reduce blood sugar. Treatment with tablets or insulin, combined with proper nutrition, can achieve good results. With diet number 9, you need to eliminate carbohydrates that are easily digested and consume enough fiber. The multiplicity of intake should reach 5 times a day, and 50% of the fats from the daily diet should be of plant origin. Each patient must learn to calculate the calorie content of food using the appropriate tables for food.
