The term "topography" (the definition first appeared in geology) is translated from Greek as "to describe the area." In the 19th century thanks to the activities of the greatest surgeon Nikolai Pirogov, this word sounded in a new way. From the field of science about the structure of the earth's surface, the term migrated to the doctrine of the physique of a person, which soon acquired world fame. The new discipline was named Topographic Anatomy.
Field of knowledge
What is topography in medicine, every student of the initial course of any institute of the corresponding profile knows. This discipline deals with the study of the location of human parts and internal organs, as well as their interaction with each other.
Topographic anatomy considers the shape and structure of the body's components that have undergone changes as a result of various pathologies. Collecting scientific data on their characteristic displacements as a result of unnatural conditions, she systematizes knowledge, making it applicable in therapy and surgery.
Beingapplied discipline, the topography of internal organs deals with the study of the layered structure of the areas of the human body, considering it in different planes. Also in the area of interest of this science is:
- blood circulation process;
- projection of organs on the skin and their location in relation to the skeleton;
- supply of tissues with nerve cells, as well as outflow of lymph from them in natural and pathological conditions;
- age, gender and constitutional features of the human body.
Object of knowledge
Surgical topography conditionally highlights the following anatomical areas:
- head (which is a combination of such mutually functioning organs as the brain, eyes, taste and smell receptors, ears, oral cavity and larynx);
- neck (as the part that connects the head to the body, through which especially important supply routes pass, such as the esophagus, larynx, trachea, as well as vessels and arteries);
- torso (actually, the body or torso, which contains the largest number of vital human organs);
- limbs (as separate paired appendages in their relationship with other parts of the body).
More differentiated areas that make up the biological characteristics of a person are also de alt with by topography. A textbook on this discipline, paying great attention to the relative position of the parts of the body and their influence on the surface of the body, provides a general basis for diagnosing diseases.
Applying scientific knowledge
Body topographyof a person as a system of information about its structure and functioning plays an important applied role in medicine, providing a theoretical basis for operative surgery.
Accurate knowledge of the layers of the body in the direction from the surface of the skin to the depth of the tissues is necessary for any practitioner. Describing the human structure, the topography of the body allows it to consistently and relatively safely reach areas in need of surgical intervention.
N. Pirogov believed that the reason for the vast majority of surgeons who failed in the operation of his day lies in ignoring practical knowledge. Answering numerous questions about what topography is, the scientist called it "the doctor's servant." Relying only on theoretical information, which is nothing more than a selection of average statistical data, the practitioner is at great risk of encountering surprises in the form of individual characteristics of the human body.
Method of knowledge
As an applied science, topography (whose textbook pays a lot of attention to the course of fascial tissues) focuses the surgeon's attention on the smallest details of the body structure. Thoroughly examining the functional features of the protective sheath covering organs, blood vessels and nerve fibers, she notes all existing patterns
To formulate anatomical laws still unknown to science, to search for new rational methods of performing operations - all these issues are de alt with by anatomical topography. The notation used in thisdiscipline and dividing the body along the sides, are partly built on the same principles as the terms used in the science of the structure of the earth's surface. These, for example, include the concepts:
- middle and side,
- top and bottom
- near and far,
- right, left;
- big and small etc.
To form a clear understanding of what topography is in anatomy, one should take into account its enormous importance for substantiating such medical measures as the impact on the central nervous system and PNS. As the science of the organ as a whole, it is of great diagnostic value and ultimately determines all existing systems of treatment.
Different from normal anatomy
The first and most obvious feature of surgical topography is the approach to describing a person. Whereas it reveals the mutual arrangement of organs by region, classical anatomy encloses them in systems: movement, respiration, blood circulation, and so on. In addition, the science of body parts synthesizes knowledge. Classical anatomy, on the other hand, puts analysis at the forefront (both whole systems and individual organs).
The answer to what topography is will not be complete without taking into account the special interest that this science shows in the changes that occur in the tissues of the body, subject to various kinds of pathologies. So, thanks to this science, it became known how significant the influence of inflammatory processes is on the original shape and nature of organs. Often, most of the difficulties in productionthe operation is associated precisely with a strong displacement of the fibers susceptible to tumor processes, relative to their original position.
Topographic anatomy of the head
The border of this part of the body with the neck runs along the line of the lower jaw. It consists of the facial and brain sections. In the latter, the base and vault of the skull are highlighted, which is the result of the articulation of three areas.
Fronto-parietal-occipital region in layers consists of:
- dura mater;
- bones;
- periosteum;
- loose connective tissue;
- tendon helmet;
- adipose tissue;
- skin.
The topography of the brain is responsible for the collection and systematization of data on the mutual functioning of its components. In the substance that fills the skull, its general relief is distinguished, as well as the hemispheres. The subject of study is its internal structure. Particular attention is paid to the lower part of the brain and each of the departments.
On the surface of the hemispheres, furrows and elevations located between them are studied. Great importance is given to the pattern of convolutions. Furrows divide the hemispheres into 6 lobes.
The structure of the jaw
As scientific knowledge, the topography of teeth is a complex of information about the principles of the structure and functioning of bone formations in the mouth. It also synthesizes data on the device of the jaw as a whole in its mutual connection with the human oral cavity. This information is necessary forpreparation of teeth and jaw for medical purposes: filling, cleaning of root canals and cavities, removal and correction of bone formations.
In the structure of the tooth, the following parts are distinguished:
- crown (formed by four walls and is a triangular, somewhat compressed gap towards the sky);
- neck;
- root (located in a separate bone cell and in its structure has a specialized strong connective tissue covered with softer cement).
In the middle of the bone formation there is a cavity, narrowing towards the top. Inside it contains the pulp of the tooth, called the pulp and is responsible for the nutrition of the tooth. It articulates with other tissues and fibers of nerves and vessels collected in a bundle.
Topographic anatomy of the eye
In terms of its structure and the length of the list of constituent elements, this organ is considered the most complex (after the brain). The eyeball, despite its relatively small size, contains a colossal number of the most diverse systems that perform a wide range of functions. So, optobiological contains more than 2.5 million elements that allow processing and supplying huge layers of information to the brain in less than a hundredth of a second.
The device of the eye from a mechanical point of view is somewhat reminiscent of a photographic apparatus. It is for this reason that the term “optical topography” is often used in anatomy, which is more correctly used in technical sciences. It also applies to the correspondingdiagnostic technique.
The role of the lens in this sense organ is played by the totality of the cornea, pupil and lens. The latter, thanks to its ability to vary the angle of curvature, works like a focus, adjusting the clarity of the image.
Neck topography
In addition to the skin, the list of parts of the organ that connects the head to the body includes:
- bundles of muscle fibers;
- "covering" connective sheath (fascia);
- so-called. "cervical triangles" (spaces enclosed in bundles of muscles);
- part of the spinal column (consists of seven bones with low bodies).
In topographic anatomy, the neck is conditionally divided by a vertical median line. From above, it passes through the body of the hyoid bone, and from below, it ends in the deepening of the upper part of the sternum. In each of the halves, two types of triangles are distinguished: medial and lateral.
The first is subdivided into three small ones:
- submandibular (limited behind by the digastric muscle);
- carotid (includes internal and external arteries);
- Scapulotracheal.
Lateral borders on the tip of the trapezoid, as well as on the clavicle, and includes two triangles. The first one contains:
- bundles and branches of the brachial and cervical plexuses;
- subclavian artery (with all its parts).
Structure of the nervous system
The main function of this complex organization of special fibers is to read the externalenvironmental influences and the transmission of the corresponding response to the central nervous system departments.
Its structure is extremely complex. The topography of the nerves refers to the central system of the brain and spinal cord. The special fibers leaving them are combined into a peripheral one. Its function is to connect the central nervous system with muscle tissues, glands and sensory organs.
Through the transducer in the form of special cells (receptors) pass all manifestations of the external environment available to a person (in the form of color, taste, smell, etc.). They are translated into the language of impulses, which are perceived by nerve fibers as changes in the electrical or chemical order.
Further, stimuli are delivered via the peripheral neural network to the central nervous system, where they are read and cause a response in the form of a series of commands that are sent to the executing organs (muscles and glands) in the same way.
Topography of the trunk
The most complex and voluminous section in the science of the location of organs and other structural elements of a person is the description of the body, with the exception of its limbs, neck and head.
The upper part of the body, which has its borders along the edge of the jugular notch and collarbones, includes the chest wall and a cavity enclosed in a protective sheath. The fascia lines, among other things, the unpaired muscle that separates this area of the body from the abdominal one. Its backbone is the chest, which is an articulation of the sternum, 12 paired bones and part of the spine.
The complex of organs and anatomical formations of the body in this area is called the mediastinum, which in domestic surgery is divided intoupper and lower sections.
The space below is called the abdominal cavity. Parts are distinguished in its composition:
- top (aka diaphragm);
- external;
- lateral (girdled with fibers of broad muscles);
- back (chain of bones of the spinal column);
- lower (components of the iliac region and pelvic diaphragm).
Anatomy of the organs of movement
In the region of the upper limbs, the topology highlights:
- bones of the skeleton (collarbone, scapula, shoulder, radius, ulna, etc.);
- muscle fibers (shoulder girdle, shoulder, forearm, hands);
- skin.
Diversity in the movements of human hands is due to the specific structure of the joints and the special method of connecting them with muscles. A huge role in this is also played by the nature of the articulation of the skeleton of the shoulder girdle with the body. Muscles make up several layers, ranging from superficial to deeper.
The skeleton of the supporting limbs includes the bones of the pelvis and the free part: (paired femur, patella, bones of the lower leg and foot). The pelvic bone forms the girdle of the lower limb and consists of the pubis, ilium, and ischium. In conjunction with the sacrum and coccyx, they form the bone base of the pelvis.
Conclusion
Topographic anatomy performs a number of particularly important tasks, including the description of the exact location of organs in both natural and pathological states. The information that is the fruit of this science is widely andactive application in the diagnosis of diseases, therapy, and most importantly - in surgery.
