Salmonellosis is a disease of an infectious nature that is caused by bacteria and is characterized by intoxication and damage, mainly to the stomach and intestines.
Reasons
The bacterium belongs to the rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria of the genus Salmonella, family Enterobacteria (Salmonella, Shigella). The microbe is resistant to environmental influences. In water it survives up to six months, in soil up to eighteen months. Salmonella is common in meat and milk. What it is - an oversight, poor-quality storage or processing - is not important. The infectious beginning is not only preserved, but also capable of reproduction. The taste of products and appearance does not change. Smoking, s alting, freezing food does not lead to the death of the infectious beginning.
The source of the disease is a sick person or a carrier of bacteria, as well as poultry and animals. Infection can occur by eating meat obtained from an infected animal (sheep, pigs, cattle, geese, ducks, chickens), contaminated milk and eggs. Salmonella in eggs is the most common cause of infection. Sometimes the pathogen can be transmitted through household items, food, water in reservoirs,if there was contact with a sick person or animal. The disease is noted in many countries of the world. It is more common in the warm season in large cities. The elderly and children are more susceptible to it due to low resistance to the pathogen.
Development of disease
Once in the stomach with the intestines, the Salmonella bacterium reaches the small intestine, where it is captured by epithelial cells and penetrates into the mucous membrane. This is where its reproduction occurs, which causes inflammatory changes in the mucosa, and the bacterium spreads further into the blood and lymph nodes. With the death of obsolete salmonella, there is a constant intoxication of the body. Blood microcirculation and ion transport are disturbed, which leads to a sharp release of water and electrolytes from the cells into the intestinal lumen.
Symptomatics
The incubation period is six hours to eight days. At this time, the pathogen does not show itself in any way. Then the disease comes into full rights, like salmonella, the following symptoms appear: the temperature rises sharply, dizziness, weakness, headache, chills. The patient's stomach rumbles and swells, there are pains in it, appetite decreases, loose stools appear (may be with an admixture of mucus and fetid), vomiting, nausea.
A doctor examining a patient in whom salmonella has settled, the symptoms will reveal the following: lowering blood pressure, increased heart rate, dehydration of the body (skin elasticity is reduced, mucous membranespale and dry, decreased amount of urine, thirst, hoarseness, some muscles may convulsively contract), the spleen and liver are enlarged, the skin and sclera are jaundiced.
Sometimes the disease can take a severe septic form, when secondary purulent foci begin to form in various organs (in the liver, pia mater, lymph nodes, gallbladder, aorta, lungs, endocardium, joints, bones).
The most common complications of this disease are toxic shock, hypovolemic shock, acute renal failure.
Bacteriocarrier
This form of the disease is characterized by the fact that no clinical manifestations are observed in humans, but salmonella (photo) is detected in serological and bacteriological studies. All carriers can be divided into the following categories: acute, chronic and transient.
Acute is observed among convalescents and is characterized by the release of a microbe from the body of the carrier for a period of fifteen days to three months.
Chronic carriage means when salmonella is excreted from the body for more than three months. What is it, confirms the mandatory observation for six months and a re-examination of the duodenal contents, urine, feces.
Transient bacterial carriage implies the absence of clinical signs at the time of examination and the previous three months, and bacteriological studies gave a positive result one or twotimes with an interval of one day with negative results in the future.
Diagnosis
It is possible to find out what kind of disease we are talking about by collecting epidemiological data (Salmonella in eggs and other food products, the group nature of the disease). In the laboratory, confirmation is obtained by resorting to specific research methods.
Bacteriological research. Salmonella is excreted from the washings of the stomach, urine, blood, bile, vomit, feces. That this is it - and confirms the study.
Indirect hemagglutination reaction, agglutination reaction, complement fixation reaction - the titer of antibodies to the pathogen in the blood serum is determined.
From non-specific methods of laboratory diagnostics, a general blood test is used.
Differential Diagnosis
Distinguish this infection from escherichiosis and dysentery, typhoid fever and cholera, food poisoning with animal or vegetable poisons, inorganic and organic substances, appendicitis and myocardial infarction.
Therapy
As soon as salmonella is isolated, the treatment should be as follows: the stomach is washed with two, three liters of water or a two percent solution of sodium bicarbonate. The patient is prescribed a diet that includes food that is gentle on the gastrointestinal tract, both mechanically and chemically. When salmonella is detected, treatment involves the mandatory restoration of fluid levels in the body and the amountelectrolytes.
In a mild form of the disease and dehydration, rehydration is performed orally (through the mouth) with Gastrolit, Regidron, Citroglucosalan and other electrolyte solutions. You can use a sugar-s alt solution, which is prepared by adding eight teaspoons of sugar and two teaspoons of table s alt to one liter of boiled water. The total amount of fluid to replace should equal the amount of fluid lost in stool and water.
If the disease and / or dehydration takes a severe form, then they resort to intravenous administration of polyionic solutions ("Ringerlactate", "Chlosol", "Acesol", "Trisol", "Quartasol"). The solution is injected at a certain rate and in a certain volume, which depend on the degree of fluid loss and the level of dehydration of the body.
To destroy the pathogen itself, they resort to one of a number of antibacterial drugs: Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone.
To reduce the degree of intoxication of the body, they resort to the help of enterosorbents: Polysorb, Polyphepan, Enterosorb, Enterodez.
Bismuth subsalicylate, Sandostatin, Imodium, Acetylsalicylic acid, Indomethacin help to restore the electrolyte balance disturbed by the disease
Also, the patient needs to take drugs that increase the body's nonspecific resistance and restore normal intestinal microflora (eubiotic bacterial agents, vitamins, antioxidants). write outthe patient can be after the onset of complete clinical recovery and confirmation by bacteriological examination of the absence of the causative agent of the disease in the feces.
Prevention
Prevention of the disease consists in mandatory veterinary and sanitary control over the slaughter of poultry and livestock, compliance with all rules and technologies for the processing of carcasses, proper transportation, storage, and sale of food. There is a vaccine that contains inactivated salmonella. Everyone knows that this prevents disease in birds and domestic animals. Examination of employees of children's institutions and food enterprises also helps to prevent the disease.
