Once in favorable conditions (optimal thermal conditions, environment, humidity, the presence of food "addictions"), all microorganisms begin to grow and multiply actively. This is the law of nature. If such processes occur in the human body, under the influence of a change in the microflora, a disease or any pathology develops. It is possible to determine the pathogen, its quantity, type and how it reacts to medications by making bakposev on the microflora.
Other innovative diagnostic tests may not always accurately identify the bacterium, giving false positive or false negative results. These include polymerase chain reaction, enzyme immunoassay and other methods.
Microorganism Growth Conditions
Each type of bacteria requires individual living conditions: a certain level of acidity, humidity, viscosity, osmotic properties. In laboratory conditions, in order to determine the causative agent of the disease, it is sown on certain media, taking into account the characteristics of respiration, nutrition and reproduction of microorganisms.
There are environments where several different types of bacteria can multiply and grow. Such living conditions are called universal (Saburo medium, thioglycol). Others are for only one strain (for example, staphylococcus and streptococcus are sown on saline or blood agar).
Purpose and significance of diagnostics
Microorganisms that enter the mucous membranes and human skin can be divided into the following groups:
- Normal microflora - those bacteria that are permanent safe residents. Without them, the human body cannot function properly, since representatives of the normal microflora are involved in the processes of digestion of food, the synthesis of vitamins and enzymes. An insufficient number of microorganisms leads to the development of dysbacteriosis or bacterial vaginosis.
- Opportunistic pathogens - these strains are safe for humans only in case of strong immunity. If their living conditions change, the bacteria begin to actively grow and multiply, causing pathology or disease.
- Pathogenic (pathogenic) microorganisms - they do not live in a he althy body. In case of accidental infection, they cause the development of the disease, evendeath.
Bakposev on microflora and sensitivity to antibiotics has a major role in the process of identification of bacteria, their strain, species. This method is important for diagnosing infectious diseases and sexually transmitted diseases.
Indications for conduction
Bakposev on microflora as an independent analysis is not carried out. It is prescribed by a doctor in cases where there is a suspicion that a pathogen has entered the patient's body or that the growth and reproduction of opportunistic bacteria is activated.
The following diagnostic measures are being taken:
- urogenital bacterial culture;
- bakposev from the nose, ear, pharynx, eyes;
- bakposev on microflora from the wound;
- bakposev urine, milk, bile, sperm, feces;
- bakposev on staphylococcus aureus, mycoplasma, ureaplasma and other pathogens.
How to decipher the results
After receiving the results, you want to immediately familiarize yourself with them. The following is indicated on the laboratory form:
- Type of pathogen in Latin. Translation of titles, as a rule, causes the greatest difficulty for curious readers. After reviewing the results, the doctor will tell you more about the type of pathogen and the characteristics of its reproduction.
- Quantitative indicators of microorganism growth. In most cases, colony-forming units of cells per 1 ml of material are used. For example, bakposev onmicroflora and sensitivity to antibiotics urine at normal levels should contain up to 103 CFU/ml. Results with high values may be questionable or indicate the presence of an inflammatory process.
- Clarification of the pathogenicity of the strain. This paragraph indicates whether the microorganism is pathogenic or opportunistic, living on the mucous membranes of the human body.
Determination of pathogen sensitivity
If a strain of a pathogenic microorganism is determined, it is sown in the laboratory on media with antibiotics. About those environments where the growth will be the smallest or negative, experts make notes in the form of the result. These antibacterial agents are considered the most effective in choosing the treatment of the inflammatory process.
Since bakposev on microflora is a rather long process (up to 7 days), drugs with a wide spectrum of action are first prescribed. Most microorganisms are resistant to a particular drug, which means that a weekly intake can be not only ineffective, but also significantly hit the patient's pocket.
Antibiogram, the decoding of which also requires the participation of a specialist, will allow you to opt for the only effective remedy. The laboratory form indicates the following:
- strain and type of pathogen, its amount in CFU/ml;
- names of antibacterial drugs with indication of sensitivity (R, S, I) and zone.
Antibiogram (decoding of Latin letters) says the following:
- R - drug resistant pathogen;
- I - the microorganism exhibits moderate resistance;
- S - bacteria sensitive to this antibiotic.
Preparation for sampling
Any biological fluids and swabs taken from the mucous membranes can serve as a material for diagnosis. More often, a smear for bacterial culture is prescribed by specialists in the field of urology and gynecology. To get the right results, you need to properly prepare for the sampling.
If the culture is based on the patient's blood, then no special preparation is required. The only condition is the delivery of the analysis on an empty stomach. The he alth worker takes venous blood, observing all the necessary rules of asepsis and antisepsis.
The conditions for passing urine are slightly different. In a he althy person, it is in the bladder in the form of a sterile biological fluid. When passing urine through the female urethra, a small amount of cocci can get into the material, which is taken into account during the diagnosis and is considered the norm (staphylococcus and streptococcus, diphtheroids). In men, the supply of urine with bacteria occurs in the anterior part of the urethra.
To reduce the possibility of other pathogens entering, the following rules should be followed:
- preliminary toilet of the genitals;
- use of mid-stream urine;
- delivery to the laboratory within 2 hours after collectionmaterial;
- test jar must be sterilized or purchased from a pharmacy.
If the material for culture is taken from the rectum, urethra, vagina, cervical canal, then this happens in private laboratories or medical institutions. Washing, douching and using antiseptics is prohibited, as this will distort the correctness of the diagnosis.
Bakposev feces
The intestinal tract has permanent "inhabitants" who are involved in the processes of digestion, the synthesis of vitamins and enzymes. The ratio of bacteria is constant and may fluctuate slightly in one direction or another.
With a decrease in immune forces, the ingress of pathogens into the body or prolonged use of antibiotics, a violation of the normal ratio occurs. The number of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria decreases sharply, and pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus, Clostridia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, yeast fungi, etc. can take their place.
Feces for diagnosis are collected in a sterile shipping container. Seeding result is ready in 3 to 7 days.
Crops during pregnancy
During childbearing, seeding is a mandatory diagnostic method and is carried out twice: during registration and at 36 weeks. A swab is taken from the genital tract, as well as the nose and throat. Thus, the presence of urogenital inflammatory processes and the carriage of Staphylococcus aureus are determined. Pregnant women also donate urine for seeding for sterility.
A nuisance that may show up is E. coli in a smear in women. Treatment of this condition should be urgent. This is especially true for pregnant women, because the presence of pathogenic microflora can lead to infection of the baby during passage through the birth canal. If E. coli is found in a smear in women, the treatment is prescribed by a gynecologist. A combination of local therapy and systemic drugs is used.
Chlamydia, fungi, mycoplasma, ureaplasma, Trichomonas are the objects of search during the period of bearing a child.
Conclusion
Bacterial culture with an antibiogram is an indicative diagnostic method that allows you to correctly differentiate the pathogen and effectively select a therapy regimen. All sampling methods are safe and painless.
