Drug poisoning according to ICD-10 can be classified in different ways. There are a huge number of drugs to which a person can have a serious reaction. Many people, self-medicating, start taking drugs without first consulting a doctor. With an overdose of certain components of the drug, patients experience severe headaches, constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, insomnia, severe abdominal cramps, and much more. If drug poisoning (ICD-10 code - T36-T50, depending on the substance) is quite strong, then there is a big risk of causing irreparable harm to he alth. Fatalities are not uncommon.
That is why doctors advise you to always carefully study the instructions for a particular remedy. If the dosage rules are violated, then this can provoke acute intoxication of the body and the patient will need urgent hospitalization. It is also important to know how to provide first aid. Drug poisoning in children is quite common. Childrenthey see multi-colored pills and believe that they are sweet candies. If urgent measures are not taken, the result can be very sad.
Classification of drug poisoning by the nature of the effects of toxins
Few people know that there are different types of intoxication. However, depending on its variety, it is easier or, conversely, more difficult for a person to cope with poisoning. To date, the following types of intoxication are distinguished:
- Spicy. Such poisoning is characterized by a pathological condition of the human body, which occurs due to the influence of toxins. Certain clinical signs are noted.
- Subacute. This is also a pathological condition, however, in this case, the toxins have multiple effects. Symptoms are more pronounced.
- Super sharp. This drug poisoning is characterized by lesions of the central nervous system. The patient begins convulsions and impaired coordination of movements. Such attacks often end in death. Death can occur within a few hours after a dangerous toxin enters the human body.
- Chronic. Drug poisoning of this type is a pathological condition against the background of a rather long exposure to toxic substances on the human body. Chronic intoxication is characterized by pronounced manifestations.
Reasons
The following factors can provoke drug poisoning:
- Wrong dosage.
- The appointment was not taken into accountthe general he alth of the person.
- Failure to follow recommendations for combining drugs with other drugs, food and alcohol.
- Taking medication without a doctor's prescription.
- Using expired or improperly stored medicines.
- Consciously taking drugs to commit suicide.
Symptoms
The clinical picture of this type of poisoning is quite bright, so almost anyone can understand that he is faced with intoxication. However, even knowing the principles of pharmacotherapy of drug poisoning, it is important to understand which drug the body has such a reaction to. Only by determining the exact source of the pathological condition can treatment begin.
When intoxicated, patients suffer from:
- nausea;
- weaknesses;
- inhibited reaction;
- fainting;
- mental arousal.
However, the clinical picture may vary depending on the type of drug that caused the adverse reaction. Based on this, the signs of drug poisoning may vary slightly. Therefore, it is worth considering the main groups of drugs from which intoxication most often begins in people.
Painkillers and antipyretics
This drug poisoning (according to ICD-10 code - T39) is considered one of the most common. As a rule, patients start taking drugs without a doctor's prescription. Usually, against the background of an overdose of painkillers or antipyretics, patients complain ofgeneral depression.
If we talk about first aid for drug poisoning of this type, then first of all it is necessary to provoke vomiting. The patient should drink as much liquid as possible. It is recommended to give him activated charcoal (at the rate of 1 tablet per 10 kg of a person's weight). After that, the person should take a horizontal position, but the head should be tilted to the side. This is necessary so that in the event of an attack of vomiting, the patient does not choke on the masses coming out of the oral cavity.
Be sure to keep the packaging of the drug that caused such an acute reaction. You should call a doctor. If the patient stops breathing before the arrival of the ambulance, it is necessary to perform artificial respiration and try to stabilize his condition.
Medicines for the cardiovascular system
This type of intoxication (ICD-10 code - T46) is also considered quite common. In this case, with drug poisoning, the patient begins quite severe diarrhea, vomiting, and headaches. The heart rhythm is also disturbed. Some patients even experience hallucinations. Sometimes the situation comes to cardiac arrest.
To try to alleviate the patient's condition, it is necessary to give him to drink saline solutions. They help to provoke vomiting much faster. Thanks to this, the body will be cleansed of more toxins. However, some of them will already be absorbed into the blood, so be sure to call an ambulance.
Antihistamines
Sometimes inIn an attempt to alleviate an allergy attack, people begin to take medication uncontrollably. Some even combine several products at once, not suspecting that they include the same basic components. Thus, too much drug accumulates in the body. In some situations, the components are completely incompatible, which causes a rather sharp reaction of the body.
As a rule, in such situations, in addition to the main signs of intoxication, patients also experience dilated pupils. Some complain of hallucinations. If we talk about first aid, drug poisoning of this type (ICD-10 code - T45) requires gastric lavage. At home, you can use an enema for this. However, this does not mean that there is no need to call an ambulance.
Tranquilizers
This type of drug is commonly used to relieve anxiety, stress, and other types of emotional tension. Sometimes, wanting to alleviate their condition, people also exceed the dose of such drugs. Some even use them as narcotic drugs in order to stay in a state of euphoria.
If we talk about symptoms, then this type of poisoning is often accompanied by tremors of the hands and feet, CNS depression, heart rhythm disturbances, and general weakness. Patients begin to speak very indistinctly, speech becomes too long. All this suggests that a person has drug poisoning (ICD-10 code - T42). First aid in such situations includes gastric lavage with an enema. Additionally, you can givepatient sorbent.
Psychostimulants
Poisoning by drugs of this group is very dangerous. If the patient takes too much of the drug, then he will become very restless, he will be extremely excited both physically and mentally. In this case, there is also a significant blanching of the skin, but the skin becomes very hot to the touch. In addition, the patient may greatly increase the heartbeat, increased blood pressure and body temperature. Severe convulsions may occur.
If the patient has used amphetamines, this can lead to an extremely serious condition. In this case, he is conscious, but motor activity is completely impaired. In addition, when poisoned with these drugs (ICD-10 code - T40), a person cannot speak.
In this case, drug treatment of poisoning will help. The patient needs to take "Nifedipine". Additionally, an injection of "Nitroglycerin" will be required.
Diuretics
In case of poisoning by means of this group (ICD-10 code - T50), patients have severe weakness, thirst, dryness in the oral cavity. In some situations, blood pressure rises significantly and convulsions begin.
In order to relieve unpleasant symptoms, it is necessary to perform a gastric lavage and give the patient activated charcoal.
Sulfanilamides
In acute poisoning with these drugs (ICD-10 code - T37), a person has increased weakness, dizziness, vomiting and nausea, tonsillitis, allergicattacks. If a person has taken too much of the drug, then in this case, necrosis of the mucous membranes may occur, they will become bluish. Additionally, signs of kidney failure can be noted.
If we talk about the treatment of acute drug poisoning of this type, then in addition to standard measures, you will need a solution of sodium bicarbonate, as well as taking antihistamines.
Cholinolytics
Symptoms of this type of poisoning (ICD-10 code - T44) directly depends on the volume of the drug taken by the patient. At the same time, signs of intoxication gradually increase. At first, the patient suffers from dry mouth and redness of the mucous membranes. Later, his vision is disturbed, the pupils become dilated and practically do not react to light.
Additionally, the heart rate may increase. Blood pressure first starts to go down, and then very quickly rises. If the patient has taken a very large dose of anticholinergics, then this can provoke mental disorders. In patients, delirium, hallucinations begin, some completely lose their memory. Often, all these signs are accompanied by convulsions. Coma may also occur.
To ease the attack, it is necessary to wash the patient's stomach, give him activated charcoal and introduce an antidote. As a rule, aminostigmine is administered intramuscularly.
It will also be useful to consider the features of poisoning on specific components that are found in a wide variety of medicines.
Aimalin
Speaking of data poisoningremedy, then patients begin severe dizziness, headaches, bouts of nausea and vomiting. Many report irregular heart rhythms.
To save the patient from an attack of aymalin poisoning, his stomach is washed. Also in this situation, forced diuresis is recommended.
Aminazine
As a rule, with such poisoning, patients lose consciousness at the moment when they lie down on the bed quite abruptly. There is also a sharp decrease in blood pressure and an increase in body temperature. Some go into seizures.
In order to alleviate the patient's condition, it is necessary to immediately perform a gastric lavage.
Isoniazid
This substance quite often causes intoxication when overdosed in the treatment of tuberculosis. Against this background, a person begins to have a severe headache, vomiting appears. Also, some people experience a state of euphoria, severe convulsions, psychosis.
To alleviate the patient's condition, he needs to wash his stomach as soon as possible and give him activated charcoal to drink. In some situations, laxatives are additionally used. If the patient has convulsions, then urgent ventilation may be required.
Iodine
With this drug poisoning, the symptoms appear differently. First of all, the respiratory organs are affected. If a person drank iodine, then this leads to quite serious burns of the gastrointestinal tract. At the same time, patients behave quite excitedly. Additionally, vomiting of a brown or bluish tint appears. There is a sharp decrease in blood pressure. Blood may appear in the urine. In acute poisoning, body temperature rises sharply, paralysis or convulsions may develop.
In such a situation, doctors urgently wash the patient's stomach. As a rule, sodium thiosulfate and starch suspension are used for this. You should also give the patient as much rice and oatmeal water as possible.
Clonidine
If a person has taken an increased dose of this substance, then he has a very strong weakness. Many note increased drowsiness, lethargy and depression. If the amount of a substance in the body is too high, it can even provoke a coma. Additionally, there is pallor of the skin, dry mouth, lowering blood pressure, muscle weakness. The patient has severe pupil constriction.
In case of such acute drug poisoning, tube flushing should be performed immediately. After that, the patient should take activated charcoal and vaulen. If the patient's pulse has slowed down too much, then he is injected with "Atropine".
Pachycarpine
As a rule, this remedy is taken in order to stimulate labor in women. However, some ladies use the drug in order to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. To do this, they take an increased dose of the drug. However, this should never be done. Pahikarpin is very dangerous. If a woman drinks even a little more than the required amount, there is a high chance of death.
If we talk about the symptoms of thisdrug poisoning, then, as a rule, intoxication manifests itself in the form of severe weakness, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea and vomiting, dilated pupils, vision problems, agitation, increased heart rate, high blood pressure. If urgent action is not taken, the patient's condition worsens. Convulsions may begin, breathing becomes difficult. In such a situation, cardiac arrest may even occur.
To save the patient, doctors not only perform a gastric lavage, but also inject Prozerin. If breathing problems are observed, mechanical ventilation may be required.
Reserpine
In case of poisoning with medications containing this substance, intoxication develops for quite a long time, up to 24 hours. A day (or earlier) after taking a large dose of the drug, the patient's mucous membranes of the eyes and nose swell, the pupils constrict, and the heart rate slows down. There are also spasms of the bronchi and a decrease in body temperature, as well as blood pressure. Sometimes patients suffer from seizures.
In addition to the standard measures for this type of poisoning, the patient is given an injection of "Atropine".
Strychnine
Even if a person takes about 0.2 g of this drug, then most likely it will not be possible to save him. When poisoned, patients behave very excitedly. Additionally, they complain of severe shortness of breath, migraines, spasms in the jaw apparatus. Some people experience convulsions and spasms of the airways. If a person has a seizuresuffocation, there is a big risk that he will not wait for the arrival of the doctors.
With such drug poisoning, it is necessary to give the patient a saline solution and rinse the stomach. Dimedrol is injected subcutaneously. Additionally, microclysters with "Chloral hydrate" are used.
Diagnosis
To make a diagnosis, the doctor uses:
- Interrogation of the patient. The specialist finds out what symptoms bother him and what drugs he used.
- Examination and clinical examination. The doctor evaluates the facial expression, the condition of the skin, eyes, respiratory and cardiovascular systems, abdomen, measures the temperature.
- Laboratory test data (general blood and urine tests, blood biochemistry, bacteriological, serological studies, drug tests).
First aid
When the first signs of acute intoxication appear, you must immediately call the emergency department. After that, it is important to monitor the patient's condition and take a number of measures that can alleviate his condition.
If a person is unconscious, but his heart rate and breathing are almost normal, you need to lay him on his side or stomach. The head must be turned, so that if the vomit comes out, the patient does not choke. The patient should not be left unattended. If he starts having a seizure, then there is a risk of swallowing the tongue.
If a person is conscious, then you need to produce stimulation aimed atcleansing of the stomach. First of all, you need to induce vomiting. A saline solution works best for this. It should be given in large quantities to the victim. If drinking does not give a visible effect, then it is worth opening the patient's mouth and pressing with two fingers on the root of his tongue. This will induce vomiting.
After the patient's body is cleansed a little, it is recommended to give him activated charcoal and make sure that he drinks as much water as possible. When a person has severe diarrhea or vomiting, severe dehydration occurs. Therefore, it is important not to allow such a state.
Additionally, it is recommended to put a towel soaked in cold water on your head. This will provide some relief to the victim of drug poisoning.
If a person is in a very serious condition, his pulse has slowed down and his breathing is weak, then it is necessary to perform artificial respiration. After that, it remains to wait for doctors who will be able to conduct more specialized events.
Opium poisoning
It is not uncommon for people to suffer from intoxication with this dangerous substance. There are 4 stages of such poisoning:
- At the first stage, the person is conscious. He speaks, but his speech is stunted. It seems that the victim is in a half-asleep state. In this case, it is worth noting the narrowing of the pupils, which cease to respond to light. The arms and legs of a person become very weak, muscles and tendons contract reflexively. The heartbeat may drop to 30 beats per minute.
- At the next stage, the patient falls intothe so-called superficial coma. To all the symptoms described above, a sharp drop in blood pressure is added. At the same time, the patient does not react to external stimuli in any way, convulsions begin.
- The third stage is characterized by a deep coma. In this state, the patient does not respond to any stimuli, muscle atony occurs. This means that a person is not able to close his eyelids, swallow or cough on his own. If at this stage there is a violation of the respiratory function, then there is a high risk of cerebral edema. If left untreated, the patient may die of asphyxiation.
- If a person has lived to the fourth stage, then he regains consciousness. However, this is possible only if the dose of opium was small and the body of the victim was able to independently resist the poisoning. Normal breathing is gradually restored, the blood begins to circulate faster. However, the motor abilities of the eye muscles remain very weak. At the same time, a person behaves emotionally unstable, he becomes too active and suffers from insomnia. In some situations, after the fourth stage, patients experience a period of so-called withdrawal. As a rule, this happens if, in order to bring the patient to his senses, the doctors used an opiate antidote.
Medical care for opiate poisoning
Having found the patient, in no case should you perform any manipulations before the arrival of specialists.
Doctor administers opiate antagonists to a patient. As a rule, this drug is"Naloxone". This substance is able to quickly neutralize hazardous components. If a person has stopped breathing, but this is not related to taking opiates, then in this case, these measures will be ineffective.
After the administration of Naloxone, the physician must observe the patient for at least an hour.
Also, symptomatic treatment is used to bring the patient out of this condition. For this, artificial respiration procedures or intubation are performed. After that, the patient is connected to a ventilator.
Medications are also often used in such situations. To do this, you need to install a dropper with glucose and saline or other drugs. Vitamin B is often added to the drip.
In some situations, the use of physiotherapy methods is sufficient. Gastric lavage is sometimes effective.
Helpful tips
To prevent acute poisoning, it is recommended that you always carefully read the instructions for all drugs that a person takes. In no case should the dosage of medicines be exceeded. If a person is not sure exactly how much money he needs to take, then you should not self-medicate, it is better to talk with a doctor.
Also, you need to buy any, even non-potent drugs only in licensed pharmacies. In this case, you should carefully study the packaging with the drug. It must not be damaged. The label indicates the expiration date of the product. After its expiration, take medication strictlyprohibited.
It is also worth storing medicines properly. Do not place them in the sun. It is best to find a cool dark place for medicines. It is also important to ensure that medicines do not end up in the hands of the child.
Medicinal poisoning is very dangerous. With especially acute intoxication, a person can fall into a coma or die. Therefore, you should not provoke such a state on your own. It is best to consult with a specialist on all issues of interest. Self-medication can lead to sad consequences, especially when it comes to potent drugs.
