Any, even a slight deviation from the norm in the process of breathing is a reason to contact a medical institution for help. There are many factors that can affect the respiratory process. It could be lung disease, allergies, diabetes, or brain disease.
Respiratory failure is a huge risk of oxygen starvation, which is fraught with the development of other pathological processes in the body and brain.
Varieties
Doctors distinguish three types of violations:
- Obstructive. This type is characterized by the fact that the patency of the paths through which air passes is disturbed, that is, a limited amount of oxygen enters the body.
- Restrictive. The reasons for the development of this type include pulmonary interruptions, that is, problems with the expansion of the lungs. As a result, they work almost at the limit of their capabilities, their ventilation is difficult and gas exchange is disturbed. This condition is also dangerous due to oxygen starvation.
- Mixed type is characterized by causes that are inherent in the two previous types.
Causes of restrictive violations
Disturbances in the respiratory function in this case lead to a decrease in lung capacity, a person is not able to absorb a large amount of oxygen. This manifests itself in the fact that a person is not able to hold his breath for a long time, it is difficult for him to engage in even light sports, shortness of breath appears.
There are two provoking factors: intrapulmonary and extrapulmonary. In the first case, internal pathological processes that occur directly in the lungs act as a provocateur. In the second case, external factors or mechanical impact.
Extrapulmonary type
The appearance of this type is due to factors that did not arise in the lungs themselves. This condition can lead to:
- overweight and obese;
- mechanical shocks, rib fractures and chest compressions, such as after a car accident;
- ossification of cartilage;
- digestive problems most common in infants;
- impaired mobility of the ligamentous-articular apparatus in the lung area.
Intrapulmonary form
Restrictive breathing disorders inside the lungs can also occur due to external factors, but occurring inside the body. In such cases, the lung tissue does not stretch well, and therefore the process of expanding them becomes more complicated.
Provoking factors of this type of violation include:
- Not enough surfactant,which allows the alveoli to expand normally. A decrease in its amount may be due to smoking tobacco or drugs, or regular exposure to dust in the lungs.
- Reduced ventilation of the alveoli, or atelectasis, which may occur, including against the background of a small amount of surfactant.
- Tumors or cysts in the lungs. Such a problem can only be solved by surgical intervention.
- Fibrous formations, for example, proliferation of connective tissues.
- Pneumonia, pulmonary edema.
Symptomatics
As a rule, for experienced specialists, there are no problems in making a diagnosis by external signs, as well as in determining the type of respiratory disorder.
In the restrictive form, the patient has shortness of breath, rapid breathing. If the disorders have already taken a chronic form, then the patient may feel worse, fatigue and restless sleep will appear.
Treatment
In addition to eliminating the provoking factor, oxygen therapy can be carried out, that is, air is supplied directly to the lungs. To improve the condition, a visit to the pool, water aerobics, breathing exercises and the most ordinary walks in the fresh air are recommended.
Obstructive form
Violation of the rhythm of breathing of this form most often occurs against the background of brain lesions. To date, there are a number of symptom complexes and conditions in which breathing problems are observed.
Kussmaul's breath, or big breath. Such a syndrome manifests itself in the fact that although a person breathes evenly, the inhalation is always noisy and very deep, like exhalation. Such breathing is typical for diabetics and those with kidney failure.
Cheyne-Stokes breathing. It is characterized by alternating hyperpnea and apnea. Patients present with gas alkalosis and hyperventilation. Respiratory failure can be observed in the presence of the following pathological processes:
- stagnant processes in the lungs;
- hypoxemia;
- pseudobulbar syndrome;
- brain infarction;
- trauma and ischemic brain damage;
- supratentorial tumors and others.
Central neurogenic hyperventilation syndrome. The condition is characterized by hyperpnea, that is, breathing very deep and fast, about 25 times in 60 seconds. Such breathing often occurs in the presence of a midbrain tumor, characteristic of a coma.
Apneustic breathing. In such cases, elongated sighs are observed, and then the breath is held. The condition is characteristic of ischemic stroke, may occur with hypoglycemic coma, or with severe meningitis.
Bioto's breath. Such a violation of breathing can replace the previous form. In such cases, there is an alternation of rhythmic breathing with long pauses. May appear against the background of brain damage, with severe intoxication, meningitis, shock.
Chaotic breathing. This is actually a chaotic process, with protractedsleep apnea, which after some time can lead to a complete cessation of breathing. There are a lot of reasons for the appearance of such a problem: hemorrhages in the cerebellum, traumatic brain injuries, tumors and other diseases.
Cluster or group periodic breathing. The most common cause of such breathing is Shy-Drager disease. Characterized by irregular pauses between respiratory movements.
Atonal, terminal or gasping breathing. The rhythm of breathing is rare, breaths too, besides convulsive. Such a symptom often accompanies cerebral hypoxia or is present with damage to the medulla oblongata. With such a pathology, there is a high risk of complete respiratory arrest while taking narcotic or sedative drugs.
Stridor breathing. Such an anomaly appears if the lumen of the trachea and larynx narrows. The patient makes hissing and hissing sounds when breathing. Respiratory failure can occur in the presence of goiter or traumatic brain injury, with allergic laryngeal edema and diphtheria croup.
Inspiratory dyspnea - characteristic of bilateral damage to the lower parts of the brain stem.
Impaired nasal breathing
In a normal state, a person should breathe symmetrically, silently, evenly and quietly. Inhalations and exhalations should be full, without the need to breathe through the mouth. There are two reasons that lead to pathological changes in the function of the nose:
- local, that is, associated with pneumatization of the paranasal sinuses;
- general changes, that is, in violation of the bloodappeals.
As a rule, nasal breathing disorders are accompanied by headaches, a constant feeling of fatigue, there may be a decrease in concentration, discomfort in the ears, sinusitis.
Violations can occur with anatomical deformities, for example, if the septum or pyramid of the nose is curved. Such problems are often the result of an incorrectly performed surgical operation or appear as a result of an injury. In such situations, surgery may also be recommended - septoplasty, that is, correction of the curve of the nasal septum.
Infectious diseases can trigger neurovegetative-muscular dissociation, as a result of which the mucous membrane suffers from excessive blood supply, and this is shortness of breath. This symptom complex is removed with the help of intranasal blockades. Doctors recommend the use of homeopathic remedies, for example, "Traumeel S", in conjunction with laser treatment, procedures for irrigating the nasal cavity with drugs with active minerals. A fully completed course of treatment (at least 10 procedures) allows you to avoid surgical intervention in the respiratory system.
Violation of their functions should be avoided. To do this, you must stop smoking, monitor your own weight and prevent obesity. Immunity should be constantly maintained, vitamins should be taken, nutrition should be adjusted and unhe althy foods should be abandoned. Try to prevent infectious and bacterial diseases, avoid injuries and, of course, be outdoors more often.
