Pathology of speech occurs even during the intrauterine development of the baby. Among the causes of speech disorders that affect the fetus during pregnancy are toxicosis, intoxication, maternal metabolic pathologies, the influence of certain chemical elements, alcohol, nicotine, narcotic drugs, and radioactive radiation.
Reasons
The causes of speech disorders can be divided into groups.
Intrauterine pathology:
- Fetal hypoxia.
- Viral diseases that the expectant mother suffered while waiting for the baby.
- Injuries, bruises and falls of a pregnant woman.
- Rhesus conflict.
- Prematurity and postmaturity.
- Mom's bad habits.
- Exposure to strong drugs taken by the pregnant woman.
- Mom's stressful conditions.
Birth period:
- Birth trauma.
- Low Apgar score.
- Asphyxia.
- Light weight.
In addition, there are hereditary causes of speech disorders, diseases that were transferred in the first weeks of a baby's life, the influence of social factors.
What else do you needknow? The characteristics of speech disorders directly depend on the type of pathology.
Views
The following types of speech disorders are distinguished:
- Aphasia.
- FFN.
- OHP.
- Alalia.
- Dyslalia.
- Rhinolalia.
- ZRR.
- Dyslexia.
- Stuttering.
- Tahilalia - rapid speech.
- Dysphonia, aphonia.
- Dysarthria.
- Bradilalia - slow speech.
What is aphasia? A feature of speech disorders is the loss of the ability to speak of a secondary nature associated with injuries or diseases of the brain. Primary speech capabilities are completely or partially impaired. Has trouble reading and writing.
FFN - phonetic-phonemic underdevelopment of speech. There is a deformation of the pronunciation speech area, due to inadequate perception of sounds and their incorrect pronunciation. There are no hearing impairments, and intellectual development is at the proper level. The construction of phrases and the coherence of the narrative are normal.
OHP is characterized by serious problems with the construction of sentences. Words are replaced by baby talk. Auditory functions and intelligence are normal. Sound and semantic lines are broken. The diagnosis is often made in children with alalia, dysarthria, rhinolalia, aphasia. ONR has 4 stages, which differ in the degree of existing violations. The most severe disorder of speech functions is characteristic of the first stage of the disease. In this case, the child replaces full-fledged, standard words with one- or two-syllable words.contractions characteristic of babies up to 1.5 years. Example: car - b-b, girl - la-la, dog - av-av.
Alalia - lack of speech function in children older than 3–4 years. There is a lesion of the speech areas of the brain. There is no formation of grammatical, lexical and phonemic skills. There are severe semantic defects. Motivational and incentive speech elements are not observed.
Dyslalia is a violation of the function of sound pronunciation. Can be of the following types:
- Simple or monomorphic. Problems with the pronunciation of one sound or several sounds belonging to the same category. Example: W - W.
- Complex or polymorphic - missing or distorted sounds from different sound categories.
- Age or physiological - problems with the pronunciation of sounds in children under 5 years old. Does not require work with a speech therapist.
- Functional dyslalia is a speech disorder associated with diseases of the central nervous system.
- Mechanical or congenital - inherent in children who have problems with the speech apparatus.
With rhinolalia, speech has a tinge of nasality. Physiological features can be observed - "cleft lip" or "cleft palate". The causes of the disease are anatomical defects of the speech apparatus. The pronunciation of words and sentences is slurred and monotonous.
ЗРР - delayed speech development. Speech skills do not correspond to age norms. The diagnosis is made before the age of 4 years. Vocabulary is poor. Intelligence may be low.
Dyslexia -a disease characterized by problems with learning to read and write.
Stuttering is a speech disorder, a convulsive condition of the muscles of the speech apparatus, which is characterized by frequent repetition of words, sounds, individual words or their prolongation. Characterized by a failure of the rhythm of speech, frequent breaks in conversation, uncertain formation of sentences. It is often caused by convulsive contractions of the muscles of the speech apparatus. Has two varieties:
- Tonic. Long pronunciation of sounds or multiple pauses in the conversation.
- Clonic. Frequent repetition of the same sound or syllables.
Dysphonia, aphonia - a change in voice capabilities or a complete lack of voice. Violation of phonation is manifested by a change in the timbre of the voice and its strength.
Dysarthria - pronunciation problems associated with congenital features of the speech apparatus. The most severe variant of this disease is anarthria. In the presence of anarthria, the sound function becomes completely unavailable.
After determining the type, the specialist determines who needs a school for children with severe speech impairments.
Diagnosis
The speech development of each child is closely related to his psychological and motor development. Therefore, every parent needs to pay attention to the presence of speech defects in a child.
In diagnostics it is necessary to pay attention to the causes of speech disorders:
- Transferred diseases during gestation.
- Presence of trauma during labor.
- Genetic predisposition to certain speech disorders.
- Presence of birth trauma and hypoxia.
- Compatibility of Rh factors of mother and child.
- Illnesses suffered by the child in the first twelve months after birth.
- Social and living conditions of education.
For a more detailed study of the characteristics of the child's speech development, a speech therapist examines all aspects of the child's speech to make an accurate diagnosis. All anamnestic data are clarified to determine personality traits.
Study plan
It is mandatory to study the child's vocabulary according to the following plan:
- Showing and naming the image and the action performed on a series of pictures.
- Compiling a story based on a given image.
- Study of the grammatical structure of speech.
- The ability to form a word with pet suffixes.
- Survey of phonemic perception.
- Research on the pronunciation of sounds.
- Determining the level of understanding of the meaning of individual words.
Diagnostic Games
Thanks to the modern development of computer speech therapy games, such applications are actively used in the diagnosis of speech disorders in a child. All blocks of tasks are given to the child in a playful way. The following applications are recommended for examination:
- "Baba Yaga is learning to read";
- Tigres;
- “Learning to speak correctly.”
Also listed game editions can useparents for self-diagnosis of their baby's speech.
Treatment and correction
Treatment is a cardinal way to overcome speech disorders. Basically, this method is used in severe forms of speech underdevelopment or in case of damage to the organs of speech. Drug treatment consists in taking the following groups of drugs by a child or adult:
- Use of hopantenic acid.
- Using sedatives to reduce spasms.
- Antidepressants.
- Vitamin supplements.
- Nootropics.
The use of substances of the nootropic group is recommended for children with mental and speech disorders. The course of treatment should not exceed six months. Also, children with severe types of speech disorders are prescribed sedatives without fail.
Children with rhinolalia must undergo surgery to restore the integrity of the palate and upper lip. Also, babies with alalia undergo mandatory complex treatment. Since the aforementioned violation is the most difficult. Along with taking the necessary medicines, classes are held aimed at restoring all aspects of speech.
Correction
Unfortunately, nowadays there is an increasing need for a speech therapist to examine a child. The main role in overcoming speech disorders is occupied by special classes in the diagnosis and overcoming of speech disorders. With children of preschool age, all classes are conducted with the use of games.techniques. Each lesson includes the following components:
- Exercises for the development of phonemic perception.
- Assignments for staging, systematization and differentiation of sound.
- Games to improve hand motor skills.
- Reinforcing complex lexical and grammatical constructions.
- Massage of the organs of the oral cavity (performed with complex speech defects to relax the muscles).
- Comprehensive development of psychological processes.
Speech therapy games
Also, the classes include a variety of tongue twisters and an essay to illustrate their poems. Examples of speech therapy games:
- "Word the sound";
- "Tell me how, I";
- "Who will compose more words for a given sound";
- "Collect the letter from the shelves";
- "Lacing".
Before each class, articulatory gymnastics is carried out, the purpose of which is to prepare the organs of speech for work. Then work is underway to set up the disturbed sound. In the block of corrective exercises, tasks are necessarily introduced to expand the child's vocabulary.
It should also be noted that achieving positive dynamics in overcoming speech defects is possible only with bilateral cooperation between a speech therapist and parents, namely, control over the implementation of reinforcing material by a child. Non-standard methods are also widely used in conducting speech therapy classes:
- sand therapy;
- art therapy;
- speech therapy rhythm;
- finger theatre;
- physiotherapy exercises;
- vocalization.
It should be noted that some speech disorders disappear with age, while others require correction.
Prevention work
But also each of the parents can carry out preventive work to overcome the development of speech disorders in their child. It should be carried out, including the following tasks in the games:
- Sand activities.
- Cinderella game - invite your child to find any small details among the many cereals.
- Tell your child about all the household activities you do.
- Sing children's songs with your child.
- Together build construction sets and mosaics from small parts.
All of these exercises will help your child develop in many ways.
Recovery of speech after a stroke at home
In order to quickly resume speech after a stroke, it is necessary to involve the procedures not only of medical workers, but also of the patient himself and his relatives. Further recovery will depend directly on this.
Studies with patients at home
Education with a patient in a domestic environment is possible only after the consent of the attending physician has been given. It is important not to cause harm: do not provide excessive speech load or difficult activities. Indeed, in this way it is possible to destroy the optimism of the patient. There are times when relatives do not have enough perseverance, they want to hear intelligible and clear speech in the near future. The failure of the patient gives rise to disappointment in them, which is instantly manifested in their facial expressions. An individual who has endured a cerebral hemorrhage loses a positive mood and is able to completely abandon classes in the future.
Use specialized exercises for speech disorders after a microstroke. They seem elementary. However, it is necessary to be aware that it is difficult for a patient after a heart attack to do anything, including moving his lips.
