Epinephrine - what is it? We will talk about this in the presented article. You will also learn about the purposes for which the mentioned substance is used, whether it has contraindications and side effects.
Chemical properties
Epinephrine - what is it? What is this substance for? According to experts, this is one of the most important neurotransmitters that is produced by the adrenal glands. Another name for this element is adrenaline.
According to the chemical structure, the substance in question belongs to catecholamines. Thus, epinephrine is a synthetic adrenaline.
In the normal state of the body, this compound is found in various organs and tissues. It is produced by chromaffin fabric.
Epinephrine, instructions for use of which are presented below, has an effect on beta- and alpha-adrenergic receptors, and also activates the excitation of sympathetic nerve fibers.
With stress, a sense of danger, anxiety, fear, burns and various injuries, the concentration of adrenaline in the body increases significantly. It takes part in all types of metabolism, as well asaffects glucose levels and tissue metabolism, enhances gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, protein catabolism and fat breakdown, inhibits glycogen synthesis in muscles and liver tissues.
Issue form
Epinephrine: what is it and in what form is it produced? There are different forms of release of epinephrine. It is sold as drops or homeopathic granules for oral administration, as well as solutions for injection and topical use. In addition, this substance is produced in the form of a tincture substance or a powder substance.
Pharmacological properties
What properties does epinephrine have? What is it, we told above. According to experts, this remedy has hyperglycemic, hypertensive, vasoconstrictive, bronchodilator and antiallergic effects.
Synthetic adrenaline at the cellular level activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase, increases the concentration of cAMP and calcium ions. This substance increases blood pressure, constricts the vessels of internal organs, skin, mucous membranes, skeletal muscles, and also dilates the vessels of the brain.
Product features
Epinephrine hydrochloride relaxes the muscles of the intestines and bronchi. In addition, it leads to pupil dilation.
The use of medicines with this substance increases the heart's need for oxygen and prevents the development of swelling of the bronchioles. Also, this drug reduces the rate of absorption of local anesthetics, reduces toxicity and increases the duration of action of drugs intended forlocal anesthesia.
Indications
What is epinephrine used for? The use of this product is indicated for the treatment of immediate type allergies that have developed as a result of blood transfusion, drug exposure, the use of various products, after insect bites or the introduction of any allergens.
Also mentioned substance is used in the following cases:
- for the relief of bronchial asthma attacks;
- with asystole;
- to prolong the action of local anesthetics;
- with bronchospasm that occurred during anesthesia;
- for hypotension refractory to fluid replacement;
- for the treatment of hypoglycemia caused by an overdose of insulin;
- to stop bleeding;
- with open-angle glaucoma in order to expand the pupil;
- in the treatment of priapism.
Contraindications
Epinephrine hydrochloride is not recommended by experts for:
- hypersensitivity, high blood pressure;
- pregnancy;
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy;
- IHD and tachyarrhythmias;
- people with ventricular fibrillation;
- pheochromocytoma;
- breastfeeding.
Care must be taken when patients have the following pathologies and conditions:
- hypercapnia;
- ventricular arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation and hypoxia;
- pulmonary hypertension;
- hemorrhagic,traumatic or cardiogenic shock;
- thyrotoxicosis;
- occlusive vascular disease;
- Raynaud's disease;
- atherosclerosis or Buerger's disease;
- diabetic endarteritis;
- cerebral atherosclerosis;
- Parkinson's disease;
- diabetes mellitus and angle-closure glaucoma;
- increased seizure activity;
- prostate hypertrophy;
- people with metabolic acidosis;
- after a cold injury;
- after myocardial infarction;
- children and elderly patients.
Epinephrine: instructions for use
Epinephrine-based drugs are most commonly administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Also, the drug is administered intravenously.
For the relief of asthma attacks, bronchial medication is administered subcutaneously in an amount of 0.3-0.5 mg.
To prolong the duration of local anesthetics, the drug is prescribed at 5 mcg / ml.
Epinephrine is used topically to stop bleeding. A swab soaked in a solution is applied to the damaged area.
Intracardiac injections are indicated for asystole, and intravenous injections during resuscitation.
Therapy for open-angle glaucoma is carried out by instilling a 1-2% solution into the affected eye, 1 drop twice a day.
Side effects
According to doctors, epinephrine can cause:
- angina, tachycardia, palpitations, bradycardia, low or high blood pressure;
- ventricular arrhythmia,chest pain, cardiac arrhythmia;
- anxiety, tremors, dizziness and headaches;
- feeling tired, feeling cold or hot, nervous;
- insomnia, NS arousal, spontaneous muscle contractions, disorientation, etc.
Analogues
What can replace the remedy we are considering? Epinephrine is found in preparations such as epinephrine hydrotartrate, epinephrine, epinephrine hydrotartrate, epinephrine tartrate, epinephrine hydrochloride - Vial.
It should also be noted that articaine, epinephrine are part of "Septanest" with adrenaline, "Alfakaina SP", "Artikaina INIBSA", "Artifrin", "Primakaina" with adrenaline, "Ultracaina D-S", " Ubistezin, Brilocaine-adrenaline, Articaine DF, Cytopicture, Articaine Perrel with adrenaline.
Reviews
There are very few reviews of the substance in question. This is due to the fact that this medicine is used only in emergency cases and in a hospital setting.
According to experts, epinephrine is an indispensable substance that often helps save a patient's life.
