Inflammation that affects the mucous membrane of the nose and paranasal (paranasal) sinuses (sinuses) is called sinusitis. But if the disease is not treated, a complication in the form of sinusitis may develop. How does sinusitis manifest itself? Let's find out in this article.
What are the diseases of the nose?
Depending on the localization, the inflammatory process can be called:
1. Frontitis - defeat of the frontal sinus.
2. Ethmoiditis - damage to the cells of the ethmoid bone. This disease can provoke severe intracranial (meningitis, encephalitis) and intraocular complications (cellulitis of the orbit, abscess of the eyelids).
3. Sphenoiditis - Sphenoid sinus lesion.
Ethmoiditis and sphenoiditis rarely occur in isolation, often combined with sinusitis or frontal sinusitis.
Types of sinusitis
Depending on the cause of sinusitis, it can be:
1. Rhinogenic - occurs as a complication after infections (flu, acute respiratory infections, SARS).
2. Hematogenous - bacteria enter through the blood. This type of sinusitis is more common in children.after diphtheria, measles.
3. Odontogenic - also manifests itself in children due to the ingress of pus through the lower sinus. Causes such sinusitis complicated periodontitis, periostitis.
4. Traumatic - an injury or fracture of the nasal septum provokes a disease.
5. Allergic - occurs as a result of an allergic reaction to an irritant. With this type of sinusitis, there is a strong swelling;.
6. Vasomotor - often occurs in people in adolescence due to vegetovascular dystonia.
Also distinguish between acute and chronic sinusitis.
How does sinusitis manifest in adults?
The disease most often manifests itself:
- severe headache radiating to the teeth and cheeks;
- abundant viscous secretion from the nasal passages;
- chills, high body temperature, lethargy, weakness;
- nasal congestion, a feeling of fullness in the upper jaw, aggravated by tilt;
- possible addition of cough, development of tonsillitis;
- decreased sense of smell.
Now it is clear how sinusitis manifests itself. The symptoms, as can be seen, are varied and rather unpleasant.
Causes of sinusitis in adults
The main reasons for the development of sinusitis are:
- runny nose, often staphylococcal, pneumococcal or streptococcal etiology, possible viral etiology (influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus);
- dental pathology, festering cysts, periostitis(odontogenic sinusitis);
- adenoids;
- injuries, post-traumatic curvature of the septum;
- allergic rhinitis;
- reduced immunity;
- polyps, foreign bodies.
How does sinusitis manifest in children?
In children under 2 years old, the ailment we are considering is usually not diagnosed - this is due to the unformed maxillary sinuses.
As for the clinical picture, sinusitis in children is manifested by the same symptoms as in adults. The main difference is that a high body temperature is possible, as well as redness on the cheek from the side of the inflamed sinus.
Sinusitis in children is the most dangerous due to frequent complications. A severe headache in a child is the main symptom of the disease. This happens due to the accumulation of a large amount of pus in the face.
Diagnosis
A doctor must conduct a comprehensive diagnosis to detect a disease. Key events include:
1. Listening to complaints, taking anamnesis.
2. Bakposev, examination of nasal lavage contents.
3. X-ray of the accessory sinuses, which allows you to detect darkening, reduced airiness, transparency. The most informative research method, since it makes it possible to diagnose the localization of the pathological process with an erased clinical picture. It is assigned in two projections - lateral and direct.
4. Magnetic resonance computed tomography (the "gold standard" for suspectedsphenoiditis).
5. Rhinoscopy.
6. Complete blood count (acute inflammatory reaction: leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, stabocytosis).
7. Endoscopic examination of the paranasal sinuses.
8. Consultation with a dentist and maxillofacial surgeon.
The complex of diagnostic measures depends entirely on how sinusitis manifests itself.
Complications
Untimely treatment of sinusitis can lead to the following serious consequences:
- meningitis;
- otitis media;
- jade;
- sepsis;
- rheumatoid arthritis;
- endocarditis, myocarditis;
- bronchitis, pneumonia.
How does chronic sinusitis manifest?
Symptoms of chronic sinusitis can be somewhat muffled. But they can be recognized:
- soreness when blinking;
- swelling of the eyelids in the morning;
- frequent headaches;
- constant nasal congestion;
- dry cough.
Chronic sinusitis also requires treatment. Therapy takes longer, but full recovery is possible. Much depends on how sinusitis manifests itself. Symptoms and treatment tend to be closely related.
Treatment of sinusitis
Conservative therapy of sinusitis is reduced to taking medications. The use of vasoconstrictor drops relieves swelling of the mucosa, constricts blood vessels, restoresnasal breathing, reduces the amount of secretions. It is better to use drops containing oxymetazoline:
- "Nazivin".
- "Nazol".
- "Fazin".
- "Afrin".
- "Tizin" (contains A-agonist, provides vasoconstriction and improved breathing, the effect occurs a few minutes after application).
Antihistamines are also used in the complex:
- "Telfast".
- "Hismanal".
- "Loratadine".
- "Diazolin".
Antibiotic drops proved to be the most effective. The most famous include the drugs "Polydex", "Bioparox", "Isofra".
Systemic antibiotic therapy depends entirely on how sinusitis manifests itself. Appointed for up to 10 days.
Penicillin antibiotics are used: amoxicillin ("Flemoxin"), amoxicillin-clavulanate combination ("Augmentin", "Panklav"). Also macrolides: Sumamed, Azithromycin, Klacid. Cephalosporins: Sorcef, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefoperazone sulbactam.
For severe use:
- fluoroquinolones ("Ofloxacin", "Ciprofloxacin", "Moxifloxacin");
- carbapenems ("Imipenem", "Meropinem").
For mild to moderate illness, a tablet form of medication is recommended. For severe sinusitis, antibiotics are administered intravenously or intramuscularly.
Topical use of antibacterial drugs (drops) is only possible for mild disease.
Combined use of local and systemic agents reduces the risk of severe complications and speeds up the healing process.
When selecting antibiotics, it is necessary to take into account the presence of allergic reactions in history, bacteriological data (determination of the pathogen and its sensitivity to various groups).
In addition, depending on how sinusitis manifests itself, the following auxiliary measures are prescribed:
1. Vitamin therapy. Appointment of vitamins C, A, E.
2. Taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. With severe pain, fever with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic purpose, the following are prescribed: Nimesulide, Nimesil, Nise, paracetamol, sodium diclofenac.
In severe cases, surgery is indispensable.
1. Endoscopic minimally invasive intervention.
2. Evacuation of contents by puncture.
Children are manipulated only under anesthesia.
Effective in the treatment of sinusitis, washing the sinuses with a special device without a puncture. This method was called "Cuckoo". Another effective method of washingmaxillary sinuses is the use of the Yamik sinus catheter.
Auxiliaries are laser therapy, ultrasound, UHF.
Prevention of sinusitis
To protect yourself from the development of such an ailment, you must adhere to the following recommendations:
- use humidifiers;
- carry out sanitation of chronic foci of infection;
- regularly undergo preventive examination at the dentist, treat caries in a timely manner;
- no less important is the strengthening of the body's resistance forces, vitamin therapy;
- regularly massage in the area of projection of the maxillary sinuses;
- to prevent exacerbations of bacterial carriage (washing the nasal passages with saline solutions, when sowing staphylococcus, put turundas with an alcohol solution of chlorophyllipt).
- treat allergic rhinitis, hay fever;
- if there is a need for such treatment, do not refuse surgical correction of septal defects.
We looked at how sinusitis manifests itself in adults. The symptoms are fully described in this article. If you notice at least a few signs in yourself, do not hesitate and do not pull - go to the doctor.
