Any neoplasms in the human body are pathological in nature. They arise due to various reasons and circumstances. There are a huge variety of them. The main classification that affects the further development of events is the benignity or malignancy of the tumor.
Definition
A tumor is a neoplasm that initially has a pathological nature, but it can be benign or malignant. This is the main difference that affects how to behave with it, whether it is worth resorting to taking measures to eliminate it, whether it has a negative impact on the processes in the body. Mesenchymal tumors are formed from mesenchymal tissues. These include such as:
- connective tissue, including bone, cartilage and fat;
- muscle tissue, also transverse and smooth muscle;
- nervous tissue - central and peripheral nervous system);
- hematopoietic tissue.
What is the main difference between mesenchymal tumors and neoplasms of any other kind? Mesenchymal are soft tissues, such soft tissue formations can occur in extraskeletal tissues. They can be found in various internal organs of the human body. The main feature of tumors is their effect on the functioning of the body. When such neoplasms occur, the normal operation of some organs and systems is disrupted. Neoplasms of this type are quite rare.
Classification of mesenchymal tumors
There are several classification features, according to which neoplasms are divided into some varieties. So, according to the influence on the work of the body as a system, they distinguish:
- benign - not having negative effects on the body;
- malignant - neoplasms that urgently need to be removed or treated, because they adversely affect human he alth, the work of the entire system or individual organs is disrupted.
By the type of tissues involved in education can be found:
- one-component - neoplasms consisting of only one type of tissue, such as connective or nervous;
- multicomponent tumors are tumors that consist of several types of tissues.
There is also another type of neoplasm that can be separatelyisolate is a heterotopic tumor. Its main distinguishing feature is that it is formed in organs from tissues that are not characteristic of it.
Prevalence of neoplasms
Most benign tumors are not removed, although regardless of the nature of origin, the larger their size, the more dangerous it is for human he alth. In the modern world, neoplasms have become increasingly common, and at the same time, benign neoplasms occur quite rarely. Thus, it is not always advisable to make a forecast in such situations.
The variety of neoplasms is so great that today in America scientists have about 5700 types of mesenchymal formations. If all malignant tumors that are known today are taken as 100%, then mesenchymal tumors are only 0.8% of all malignant neoplasms. Mortality in such neoplasms is 2% of the total mortality.
When can mesenchymal tumors occur?
The etiology of tumor-like formations is still unknown, their appearance is difficult to predict and predict the consequences. However, there are several major factors that in some cases are thought to have played a role. So, such neoplasms can occur:
- After radiotherapy.
- After heat burns.
- After unilateral type injuries, in such situations, the tumor formed on the opposite side.
- Someenvironmental factors negatively affect human he alth, resulting in benign or malignant formations.
- There are cases when neoplasms were the result of violations of the body's defenses, when the immune system is weakened, some types of viruses can cause unpredictable consequences.
- There may be a genetic predisposition to the disease.
It is impossible to unequivocally determine the reason why mesenchymal tumors arose, the pathological anatomy of which demonstrates that they are not always dangerous, one can only assume what became the prerequisite for their development. In addition, the above factors will not necessarily lead to such consequences.
Localization of neoplasms
Any tumor is a pathology, but it is important to understand that not every one of them carries a danger to human he alth and life. In any case, it is worth observing its development, not self-medicating. Sometimes the tumor may disappear without being treated. What are the most common? According to the localization area, the following division can be conditionally used:
- Slightly less than half of all cases are tumors of the lower extremities, the most common cases are tumors that occur in the hip area, they account for about 40% of all cases.
- The second place in prevalence is occupied by tumors that are localized in the region of the trunk and retroperitoneal space, they occupy 30% of the totalcases.
- Upper limb neoplasms, accounting for approximately 20% of all sarcomas.
- There are also malignant mesenchymal tumors (pathological anatomy confirms this), which are localized in the neck and head, they occupy approximately 10% of the total number of known cases.
Signs
Another important sign of a tumor is its shape. It also depends on the outcome and behavior of the neoplasm. What forms can a sarcoma have? This is:
- Spindle shape.
- Round is the most common.
- Polygonal.
When determining the features of mesenchymal tumors and their type, the form matters, but it does not play a decisive role. In addition, it is also important to understand the structure of the pathological neoplasm. What is the structure of the tumor? Distinguish:
- Lymphocyte structure.
- Rod-shaped.
- Epithelioid cell.
These parameters affect the diagnosis, but they are insufficient and some tests are required.
Diagnostic measures
Diagnostic measures will help determine exactly what type of tumor is involved. These include:
- Molecular genetic analysis.
- Ultrastructural analysis.
- Cytogenetic.
- Data from immunohistochemical diagnostics.
After the detection of a tumor and the passage of mandatory diagnosticevents, we can talk about the stage of development of the neoplasm, which ultimately will help predict further actions and approximate behavior of the sarcoma.
Stages of development of pathology
Depending on the size of the tumor, we can talk about the stage of development of the pathology, and depending on this, you can make an approximate prognosis and prescribe or not prescribe treatment. Consider the main stages in the development of pathological education:
- Stage T1, at which the size of the tumor does not exceed 5 cm in diameter, it can be smaller.
- Stage T2 is the period in which the size of the neoplasm in diameter exceeds 5 cm, but an important feature of the pathology is that neither the bones, nor the vessels, nor the nerves are damaged, that is, not affected.
- Stage T3 is the stage of pathology in which, regardless of the size of the bone growth, nerves or vessels are already affected or involved in the pathological process.
- If metastases are localized in the lymph nodes, then they are designated N1.
- If we are talking about metastases that are distant, then they are designated as M1.
Depending on the type of pathological formation and the stage of its development, a qualified doctor can make a prognosis, on the basis of which treatment or observation is prescribed.
What benign tumors can occur?
As mentioned above, benign mesenchymal tumors are pathological neoplasms that do not adversely affect human he alth and definitely do notpose a danger to his life. But at the same time, changes in the functioning of the body as a system are observed. Mesenchymal tumors, the anatomy of which is benign, are:
- Fibroma - neoplasms of connective tissue. They are usually small and can appear anywhere. The most common are ovarian fibromas, and neurofibromas that envelop the nerve trunk are also common. What kind do they have? These are tumors in the form of dense capsules of a small size, in the context they will have a grayish-white color.
- Dermatofibroma is a neoplasm that has the form of a small nodule, most often it can be found on the lower extremities. There are several varieties of this pathology, they differ in the predominance of lipids or hemosiderin in the cells. In the context they are yellow or brown.
- Leiomyoma is a benign tumor that develops from perivascular elements. It occurs quite often, localized in the bladder, on the skin, in the uterus, in the genitals, in the gastrointestinal tract, and so on. As for the shape, it is usually a round tumor, but often it is multiple. Its size varies in a fairly wide range, it can be a small neoplasm or a huge one. Depending on the stage of the pathology, it may not be dangerous, but in some situations, foci of necrosis or calcification may occur.
- Hibernoma is a tumor that is very rare, it is a neoplasm of the type of brown fat. In appearance, it resembles a knot,which consists of several parts, shares. These lobes may have a grainy or foamy texture.
- Rhabdomyoma is a tumor that consists of striated muscle cells. Often it is a consequence of a violation of the development of the brain or muscle tissue, and other malformations may occur.
- Abrikosov's tumor is a small formation that looks like a capsule. Often this can be found on the tongue, in the esophagus or on the skin.
- Hemangioma is a benign formation that can often be found in newborn babies. There are several varieties of this pathology, the cause of which has not been reliably determined. It has been suggested that this may be a malformation of embryonic development or a true benign tumor.
The list of benign tumors can be continued for a long time, they differ in many ways, including the location, size, nature and rate of development.
Malignant mesenchymal tumors
They pose a direct threat to life and he alth. Malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin, the pathology of which is similar to benign formations, are called sarcomas. There are several types of pathological formations that are white in section. Mesenchymal tumors with foci of necrosis are the most dangerous neoplasms that have not been detected in a timely manner. The most common types of sarcomas are:
- Fibrosarcoma isa tumor that is very difficult to identify because it is very similar to a fibroma, a benign tumor. This is a capsule, which in structure is a soft formation. In the context, it has a red color, reminiscent of fish meat. They can be fast or slow growing. The prognosis in this case is not very encouraging. Because time is of the essence here. If at the time of diagnosis, metastases are detected, then mortality in such cases ranges from 20 to 40%. Moreover, this occurs within five years after the development of the disease. Relapse occurs in half of the cases.
- Liposarcoma is a malignant tumor that grows at a slow pace, but its size can reach enormous parameters. Several varieties of such neoplasms are known, they develop mainly on the buttocks, in the abdominal cavity, on the thighs.
- Leiomyosarcoma is the same leiomyoma, only of a malignant nature. Develops from smooth muscle tissues.
- Rhabdomyosarcoma is a tumor that develops from the transverse cavity muscles. The structure of the tumor is polymorphic. It is difficult to determine it by external signs, after diagnostic measures it is possible to verify the tumor.
- Angiosarcoma is a malignant tumor that affects people regardless of gender, age and lifestyle. It can be located anywhere. Of particular interest is liver tumors, which may result from the action of certain carcinogens. It is important to understand that between the time of exposure to a carcinogen andIt may take years for the tumor to develop. The prognosis is rather unfavorable. After diagnosis, the patient can live from several weeks to several years.
Tumors in the modern world have become quite frequent pathological formations. They are localized in various places, both on the surface of the body and inside the body. It is imperative to follow the doctor's recommendations when identifying a pathology, since mortality in such situations is already quite high.
