For the quality of various medical procedures, a set of manipulations has been developed to prevent potential complications. One of them is an aspiration test. What it is, what it is used for, how it is carried out, is described below.
Physics and medicine
Without air, a person cannot live even a few seconds. This natural mixture, many gases, as well as their absence - vacuum, are widely used in human life. For example, in medicine and some areas of production, the aspiration sampling method is used. In medicine, this term refers to several concepts:
- a procedure that allows material to be taken using a vacuum;
- Physiological process based on the "sucking" effect resulting from pressure reduction.
In the article, we will consider another concept used in medical practice, called an aspiration test. As a physical phenomenon, aspiration is the process of sucking air through special tools or devices, which is then subjected to study andanalysis for the content of substances in the test material.
Meaning of the sample
In medicine, an aspiration test is used for self-control of medical personnel during manipulations, for example, when administering an injection, as well as when removing biomaterial for further study. Used in ecology, in sanitary and epidemiological control and in industry, the aspiration method of air sampling allows you to analyze a gas or liquid. The technique of aspiration is simple and in many cases does not require sophisticated equipment. By drawing the test material into special equipment using an artificially created vacuum, the specialist can even visually, if provided by the algorithm used, determine the presence or absence of certain inclusions. Air sampling by the aspiration method is a fast and quite informative way to obtain the necessary information about the composition and quality of the gas. In medicine, aspiration of biological fluid allows for competent and high-quality self-control of a medical worker when administering injections. After all, the delivery of the drug must be carried out in a certain way: some drugs must enter the bloodstream immediately, other substances must be delivered intramuscularly. It is the process of correct injection that allows you to track the aspiration test.
Anesthesia
Self-monitoring of aspiration during procedures has become widespread among he althcare professionals, becauseparenteral administration of drugs is used in almost all areas of medicine. Anesthesia is no exception. The drug should act in a certain way, depending on the tasks. An aspiration test in anesthesia is a method of control before administering a drug by injection to ensure that the needle of the syringe is correctly positioned to obtain the desired result. The local work of the anesthetic substance is ensured by its introduction into the extravascular space. This is what can determine the preliminary sampling of the medium of the place where the needle with the active component has landed.
Dentistry
Aspiration test in dentistry is a technique that allows you to assess the quality of the upcoming anesthesia. In dentistry, there are a lot of types of administration of anesthesia, they differ both in the method of delivery of the analgesic and in the place of its administration. But the aspiration test in any case should be a mandatory preliminary procedure. Dental anesthesia should not enter the bloodstream and spread to nearby tissues and organs. Its purpose is local work, providing pain relief during the procedure in a small area of the oral cavity. In dental practice, special syringes are used, which have not only all the classic details of this instrument, but also special devices on the piston to properly hold it when creating forward and backward motion. To date, an aspiration test indentistry using a carpool syringe is considered the most convenient and technologically sound way to both administer an anesthetic and assess the correctness of the manipulation.
Cosmetology
Aesthetic medicine is developing rapidly. But such a procedure as an injection remains the most common way of introducing drugs and cosmetics into the subcutaneous and deep layers of the epidermis. Tissue embolization is potentially dangerous during this procedure. In order to avoid the adverse effects of the intervention, an aspiration test is performed in cosmetology. What is this manipulation? Its purpose is to control the correct location of the medical instrument to obtain a high-quality result with minimal complications. During the intervention, the specialist must take into account many factors, one of which will be the individual scheme of the patient's vascular system. Therefore, a test that allows you to verify the correctness of the procedure is simply necessary. For example, if during the procedure for introducing the gel into the subcutaneous layer, the active substance enters the blood vessel, this will cause a violation of blood flow, and then ischemia and necrosis. In addition, retrograde insertion of a special material is indicated in some cases, which also involves the use of aspiration.
Biomaterial sampling
Carrying out medical manipulations as its purpose may also have an exemptioncytological sample for its study. The aspiration test also helps with this. The need for a biopsy, for example, is determined by the doctor. Often this procedure is carried out simultaneously with other diagnostic measures, for example, with bronchoscopy, colonoscopy, and so on. The sampling of tissues or liquids necessary for analysis is carried out either with a syringe or an aspiration gun - a more powerful design designed only for these purposes. The cytological sample is then delivered to the laboratory for analysis, so the sampling procedure is the most significant step in the biopsy.
Microbiology
Particular importance attaches to such a procedure as the aspiration method of air sampling, microbiology. The science that studies the inhabitants of the microworld helps many areas of knowledge and human activity to develop, taking into account and using the characteristics of the vital activity of microorganisms. Aspiration air sampling samples are widely used in sanitary and epidemiological control. Moreover, the sampling of material is the most critical stage, the quality of the analysis performed depends on the correct execution of it. The aspiration test in this case is a forced method of sedimentation of microorganisms from the environment onto a nutrient material or a special trapping liquid. So experts can observe their growth and conduct research.
Medicine sampling techniques
In medicine, the samethe syringe used for injection. The basic principle of operation of instruments and devices for aspiration manipulation is vacuum suction of the medium. For example, the reverse movement of the syringe plunger, which creates negative pressure.
The method for monitoring the correctness of the injection recommends following the following algorithm:
- The plunger of the syringe, already placed in the working position, must be pulled back gently, without applying excessive force.
- The piston stroke can be as little as 1-2 millimeters to get enough suction pressure.
- It is unacceptable to change the position of the syringe both during the aspiration test and during the injection. To do this, it is fixed with the help of the stop with the ring finger and little finger of the medical worker conducting the procedure.
- If the needle is thin, it may take a few seconds for test results to appear. If the test is positive (which depends on the expected result), then the injection is placed in place without displacement of the needle. If the test result is negative, then the needle is either displaced by a few millimeters without being removed from the tissues, or the injection site itself is changed.
When injecting into a highly vascularized area, multiple aspirations may be required to select the optimal site for the procedure.
Analysis tools
Manipulating to collect material and track expected results requires the use of special tools or fixtures. In medicinesuch a tool is a syringe with a needle. For example, an aspiration test with a carpool syringe is widely used in dentistry. This tool can have several design options, which depend on the cartridge itself (a two-chamber flask containing an anesthetic and a medicinal solution) and on the design of the piston. The prerogative of such instruments is an aspiration test in dentistry, although the design features that allow fixing both the instrument itself and the movement of the piston (both direct and return) are used in many branches of medicine where injections are necessary. Also in practice, an aspiration gun is used - a more powerful device designed to take biomaterials. In medicine, aspiration is not only purely medical procedures. For example, many parents know what an aspirator is - a special pear with a nozzle that allows you to remove the contents of the nasal cavity of an infant who cannot yet get rid of accumulated mucus on their own.
A wider range of tools is used in other areas of human life, where it is necessary to carry out environmental sampling. Air sampling by aspiration in sanitary epidemiology is carried out using the following devices:
- Seitz apparatus;
- Krotov's apparatus;
- Rechmensky bacteria trap;
- Andersen devices;
- Dyakonov's device;
- air sampling device (POV-1);
- Kiktenko device;
- aerosol bacteriological sampler (PAB-1);
- bacterial-viral electroprecipitator(BVEP-1).
Such an abundance of devices for aspiration in sanitary epidemiology and other fields of science suggests that each of them has its own shortcomings or is not able to perform a set of functions necessary in each case.
An aspirating air sampling device is a tool or device used in industry or when performing sanitary and epidemiological control. Depending on the conditions, devices are used to draw in air, filtering its contents for later study or removal.
Devices for aspiration and extraction of solid elements from the air are widely used in workshops, both industrial and amateur. For example, during the processing of wood, air is taken from under the tool along with chips, which are separated and removed from the workplace.
If you do not pay too much attention to some features, then any exhaust device that works on the forced negative pressure created can be called aspiration.
Activity factors
Aspiration test is an effective way to control the ongoing medical manipulation, as well as to take material for further study. Any medical procedure must be safe first and foremost. To assess the risk and effectiveness of aspiration manipulation, the specialist must take into account several factors:
- rheology, that is, the fluidity of the drug and the takenbiomaterial;
- geometric parameters of the needle: its diameter and length;
- dimensions of the syringe itself, its dimensions and, consequently, the physical possibilities of creating back pressure;
- aspiration time;
- back pressure value;
- blood pressure of the patient.
Result
A positive aspiration test depends on what result you want to get when it is carried out. When conducting an intravenous injection, a test is considered positive, the result of which is the presence of a small amount of blood in the syringe. This means that the needle is intravascular. However, such testing is not always completely adequate, therefore, when performing certain medical procedures, for example, when silicone or other fluids are "pumped" into the layers of the skin, care must be taken so that the procedure does not result in tissue embolization, which can lead to serious complications, up to necrosis.
Conclusion
Aspiration test is one of the most effective and quick ways to assess the correctness of a medical manipulation. But its reliability, as experts and fundamentals of physics say, depends mainly on the density and rheological qualities of the working material. The method is widely used not only in medical practice, but also in the study of the qualitative composition of air. To carry out the aspiration procedure in each area of its application, its own devices and tools are used. In particular, to evaluateair quality and composition, devices are used that capture particulate matter, as well as microorganisms and bacteria.
