To determine the state of a person's he alth, experts prescribe a stool sample for bacteriological examination. Such an analysis is most often included in mandatory preventive examinations, as well as in narrow-profile diagnostic procedures.
The collected biological material is processed using a special technology that helps to determine the state of human he alth, for example, to identify the presence of intestinal dysbacteriosis or the presence of infection. Also, this procedure helps to track the effectiveness of the treatment in a patient of any age. When taking feces for bacteriological examination, the algorithm of the procedure must be strictly observed in order to obtain reliable results. How this analysis is carried out, our article tells.
Basicmicroorganisms
Every person knows that a huge number of different microscopic creatures live in his body. All their specialists are divided into 3 separate groups:
- Useful (lactobacilli and bifidobacteria).
- Opportunistic pathogens (clostridia, enterobacteria and various fungi).
- Pathogenic (Salmonella, Shigella, cocci, and so on).
Bifidobacteria, located in the human intestines, take an active part in the digestive process, help to saturate the body with useful components and trace elements, and absorb vitamins. Conditionally pathogenic microorganisms are neutral in relation to the human body, they can not be attributed to either beneficial or harmful. But if the body's natural bacterial balance is disturbed (dysbacteriosis), they can change to a pathogenic state.
Pathogenic microorganisms
Pathogenic (pathogenic) bacteria and fungi are not found in the body of a he althy person. Their presence immediately indicates an intestinal infection, which can only be determined by the attending specialist after taking feces for bacteriological examination.
Bacteriological analysis of feces is a laboratory procedure in which a specialist takes human feces and places biological material in a nutrient medium to detect the content of pathogenic, opportunistic and beneficial microorganisms in it. The patient is prescribed a fecal sampling for bacteriological culture if he has the characteristic symptoms of dysbacteriosisand intestinal infections.
How pathogenic microbes spread
There can be a large number of reasons for the appearance of pathogenic microorganisms in the human body. But the most important is the non-observance of simple rules of personal hygiene and the use of unprocessed food properly:
- Eating unwashed fruits and vegetables.
- Poor personal hygiene.
- Eating from dirty dishes.
- Use of raw water from open reservoirs (river, lake).
- Insufficient heat treatment of products.
Factors causing disease
To worsen the condition of the intestinal microflora in the body, it is not necessary to be unclean. Opportunistic microorganisms, which are most often found in the intestines in a normal state, can change to pathogenic when exposed to the following factors:
- Regular mental strain, emotional outbursts.
- Overload of the human body in the physical plane.
- Live in the wrong climate zone.
When analysis is scheduled
This type of examination may be prescribed in the following situations:
- The patient has allergic reactions.
- Meteorism.
- Need antibiotic treatment.
- Determination of the state of intestinal microflora after a course of antibiotics.
- Immunodeficiency.
- Suspicion of helminthiasis.
- Suspicion of dysbacteriosis.
- Ifthe patient comes to the doctor with symptoms such as abdominal pain, heartburn, nausea, diarrhea or constipation, vomiting, then he is prescribed to collect feces for bacteriological examination.
- When diagnosing cancer.
- When preparing a woman for conception.
There are no contraindications to this analysis. It can be given to people of all ages from birth.
Discoverable diseases
Bacteriological analysis of feces helps to identify the following diseases:
- Tumors in the intestines.
- Liver problems (hepatitis, cirrhosis).
- Irritable bowel syndrome.
- Ulcerative colitis (non-specific).
- Some pathologies with the gastrointestinal tract (gastroenteritis, gastritis).
- Dysbacteriosis.
In addition, this analysis allows you to detect pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli. However, due to the fact that the result of a bacteriological examination of feces is prepared for a long time, they try to use other methods to identify pathogenic microflora, allowing them to quickly diagnose and start a course of therapy.
Treatment
For each identified disease, there is its own treatment algorithm, including chemotherapy (taking pills), diet, physiotherapy and other methods.
With severe diarrhea and vomiting, patients must be prescribed plenty of fluids, "Rehydron" or its analogues, in order to prevent dehydration. Infectious diseases are treated withthe use of antibiotics, after which a course of probiotics and prebiotics is prescribed to restore normal microflora in the intestine.
Normal indicators for bacteriological examination of feces should be as follows:
Pathogenic microorganisms in the feces of a he althy person should not be. When dysbacteriosis is confirmed, the patient is prescribed antibiotics (to kill pathogenic bacteria), prebiotics and probiotics (to restore microflora), vitamins (to raise and strengthen immunity).
Features of passing the analysis
To get a more accurate result of the study, it is important to accurately follow the algorithm for taking feces for bacteriological examination. Bacteriological examination helps to identify underlying diseases and prescribe effective treatment. In order to properly pass the analysis, it is important to prepare the patient for bacteriological examination of feces. A few days before the delivery of the material to the laboratory, it is important to stop using rectal suppositories, vaseline and castor oil, laxatives, drugs with iron and bismuth in the composition.
Dishes for the delivery of biological material must be completely sterile and new. It is best to purchase a special container with a lid and a separate stick for collecting biological material. Such kits are sold in any pharmacy. Since it is important to use exclusively sterile containers to obtain reliable bacteriological tests of feces for intestinal infection, it is forbidden to simplyso open the jar for the collection of feces, and also touch its inner surface with your hands.
How to get tested
The algorithm for taking feces for bacteriological examination is as follows:
- The act of defecation should be carried out naturally (it is forbidden to use laxatives, enemas and any rectal suppositories for this).
- Before taking a stool sample, you should first go to the toilet to perform an act of urination, since the result of the analysis will not be accurate if urine gets into the feces container. Defecation is carried out in a separate vessel, not in the toilet.
- Using a specialized wand, you must carefully take a piece of feces and place it in a container for collecting analysis. The volume of material should not be more than a third of the container.
It is important to deliver the container with feces to the laboratory as soon as possible. If it is not possible to deliver the biological material on time, then the collected feces can be placed in a refrigerator. It can be stored there for up to 8 hours.
When taking feces for bacteriological examination, preparation of the patient is mandatory. The person must be informed that he will be taking this test. Feces for bakposev in a child can be taken from a clean diaper or from the baby's underwear. It is not recommended to take feces from a diaper, as it may give incorrect results as a result. It is also important to consider the technique of taking feces for bacteriological examination, which we discussed above.
Sometimesthe specialist prescribes a rectal smear for a disgroup. In this case, all procedures for taking material for analysis are carried out by a nurse. In this case, the person lies on his side and spreads his buttocks, and the nurse collects all the necessary material with a specialized rectal swab to conduct a bacteriological examination of feces for dysbacteriosis.
Survey results should be expected within one week. The expiration date of the analysis for the disgroup is counted from the time the results of the survey are received. It must not exceed 10 days.
Features of the survey
Bacteriological examination of feces is a complex procedure in which the doctor detects the presence of an infection in the intestines. The study is carried out using the following methods:
- Microbiological.
- Biological.
- Serological.
The microbiological method will help to identify the causative agent of the disease using a microscope.
Sowing on the intestinal group is carried out by the following method: the biological material is placed in an environment that is best suited for the growth and development of harmful microorganisms. After some time (about a week), the specialist has the opportunity to identify the type of microorganism by colonies of bacteria that have grown over this period of time.
Disgroup analysis helps to identify whether there are pathogenic microorganisms such as shigella and salmonella in the patient's feces. If there are such in the human body, then the specialist conductsanother test is for the sensitivity of these pathogens to certain types of antibiotics.
If pathogenic microorganisms begin to actively die, then the patient's doctor prescribes the appropriate medication. Sowing on a disgroup is an analysis that helps to determine in time the presence of a dangerous pathogen in the human body and prescribe effective therapy.
Bifidobacteria in the human body
About 95% of all microorganisms in the intestines are bifidobacteria. They take an active part in the production of B vitamins, and also help to absorb vitamin D with the help of special produced components. Bifidobacteria also support the he alth of the patient and the state of his immune system.
Reasons for deficiency of bifidobacteria:
- Taking certain medications (antibiotics, NSAIDs, laxatives).
- Improper diet (eating too much protein, fat, carbohydrates, starvation, wrong diet, breastfeeding).
- Intestinal infection (viral infections, salmonellosis).
- Chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (cholecystitis, peptic ulcer of the stomach or duodenum, pancreatitis).
- Immune diseases.
- Unsuitable climatic conditions.
- Stressful situations, surges.
Lactobacillus ingut
Lactobacilli occupy from 4 to 6% of the total mass of microorganisms in the intestine. They are useful for the body in the same way as bifidobacteria. They help maintain the level of acidity in the intestines, produce a large number of useful components (lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, acidophilus), which are actively used to eliminate pathogenic organisms. In addition, lactobacilli produce lactose.
The main reasons for the lack of these microorganisms:
- Medications (NSAIDs, laxatives, antibiotics).
- Incorrectly formulated diet (insufficient amount of fats, proteins and carbohydrates in the body, malnutrition, breast milk feeding).
- Intestinal infection.
- Chronic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract (pancreatitis, cholecystitis, peptic ulcer);
- Stress.
As you can see, the reasons are almost the same as with a deficiency of bifidobacteria.
Escherichia in the intestines
These microscopic creatures appear in the human body immediately after birth and continue to live in it throughout life. They play the following role in the human body: they take an active part in the production of vitamins K and B, participate in the processing of sugar, the production of antibiotic-like components that help strengthen immunity and eliminate pathogenic microbes from the body.
