Medical instruments are various technical devices that are used to help patients. These include one- or two-piece, as well as more complex products, mostly metal, for manual work. To honey. tools, in addition, include more complex, but compact semi-automatic devices, such as staplers.
Names
The names of the tools indicate their functional purpose. Often, doctors from different countries use Latin and ancient Greek names, for example, retractor, trocar, dermatome, scarifier. Many instruments have both Latin and Russian names:
- terminal and clip,
- dilator and expander,
- elevator and hoist.
In surgery, it is also customary to add the names of their inventors to the names of instruments: Buyalsky's shovel, Pean's arterial clamp, Payr's pulp, Allis' forceps, Voyachek's chisel. Most honey. instruments are named like this.
There are a lot of tools, for example, there are about a hundred tweezers alone. Soany special names that make it easier to remember are welcome. For example, “bulldogs” or “dogs” are soft vascular clamps, a “mosquito” clamp.
Classification
Tools are usually distinguished by their function or engineering principle. The following types of medical instruments can be distinguished according to their functions:
- for tissue separation - scissors, scalpels, extractors;
- exciting clamps - clamps, forceps, tweezers;
- for expanding fabrics - extenders, hooks, mirrors;
- to protect tissues from damage - spatulas, probes, mouth expanders;
- for connecting fabrics - needles, needle holders;
- other - meters, funnels, syringes, etc.
Within each group, more specific types of instruments can be distinguished. For example, clamps are included in the group of gripping tools. They are: hemorrhoidal, lung trapping, intestinal, etc.
Tools are also classified according to medical speci alties. Distinguish honey. instruments used in microsurgery, obstetrics and gynecology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, general surgery, otorhinolaryngology, cosmetology, dentistry, orthopedics and traumatology, vascular surgery, urology, proctology.
Devices for tissue separation and excision
Basic honey. tools that separate tissue - cutting. These include scalpels, knives, wire cutters, scissors, as well as chisels, saws, drills, milling cutters, burs, chisels, sharp spoons, raspators.
Scalpels are made in two types: pointed andabdominal. A pointed scalpel is used to open abscesses, abdominal - for long straight cuts. Recently, sterile disposable scalpels have been produced to exclude infection for both the patient and the doctor.
Surgical knives are usually used for amputations.
There are about 40 surgical scissors. They can have long thin jaws, curved or straight, sharp or rounded ends.
When working with bones in traumatology, saws and wire cutters are used.
Tools that grip fabrics
The set of medical instruments that capture tissue includes: hemostatic clamps and clamps, tweezers, needle holders, tissue forceps and clamps, forceps, gastric and intestinal clamps.
Hemostatic clamps are used to clamp blood vessels. Between the rings, the tool has a toothed rack. Most have no teeth. These clips come in straight and curved.
Hemostatic clamps are used for more careful squeezing of blood vessels.
Tissue clamps are needed to hold the organ in a certain position in the wound. They should have a minimal traumatic effect on the tissues of the organ being held. Tissue clamps are often referred to as forceps. This also includes tongs for taking tools.
Gastric and intestinal clamps are used to close the lumen of the intestine or stomach, which will prevent the contents from entering the surgical wound. They are crushing (pulp) - forremoved part, elastic - for the remaining part, hard - medium in terms of squeezing force.
Surgical tweezers (from the French. pincette - "tweezers") are designed to capture and briefly hold tissues, materials during operations. There are dental, surgical, ophthalmic, ear, anatomical, vascular and other tweezers. Tweezers for surgery are distinguished by the presence of teeth at the end of the instrument. Surgical tweezers are: general surgical, for vascular surgery, for removing sutures, suture, for tying threads, fixation, for muscles and others. A lot of varieties of tweezers are used in ophthalmology: corneal, scleral, for the iris, for lenses, for corneal transplantation and others.
Forceps are needed for inserting tampons, drains, for supplying instruments.
Tools that spread fabrics
To this group honey. tools include mirrors, retractors, elevators, blades, dissectors, spatulas.
Retractors are ring and frame - for fixing hooks along the edges of the wound, rod and rack - for pushing tissues with great effort and fixing them.
Retractors push the edges of the wound or push back the organs. They are lamellar or toothed. To hold tissues, for example, a single-pronged hook is used, to push tissues away, Buyalsky's spatula.
Mirrors are called wide and flat hooks.
Dissectors are needed to push apart tissues.
Other speciestools
Instruments that pierce tissues - trocars, biopsy, puncture needles, sewing needles. The latter are cutting, stabbing, piercing-cutting, diamond-shaped, spatula-shaped, etc.
Probing instruments - catheters, bougies, cannulas, conductors. A grooved probe is often used for grooved dissection.
Auxiliary instruments - ligature needles, aspiration needles, hammers, clamps, guides, urethral catheters, soft products - suture material, wipes, balls. Ligature needles are distinguished by a special design with a handle and an eye at the end of the needle. These needles are essential for threading hard to reach places.
Mechanized instruments - automatic tissue staplers, sigmoidoscope, cystourethroscope, bipolar tweezers for vascular coagulation, etc.
