The oculomotor muscles help to carry out the coordinated movement of the eyeballs, and in parallel they provide high-quality perception. To have a three-dimensional image of the surrounding world, it is necessary to constantly train muscle tissue. What exercises to perform, the specialist will tell you after a thorough examination. In any situation, self-therapy should be completely excluded.
General information
The muscles of the eye are of six types, with four of them straight and two oblique. They are named so because of the peculiarities of the course in the cavity (orbit) where they are located, and also because of the attachment to the organ of vision. Their performance is controlled by nerve endings that are located in the cranial box, such as:
- Oculomotor.
- Diverters.
- Block.
The eye muscles have a large number of nerves that are able to provide clarity, accuracy when moving the organs of vision.
Movement
Eyeballs thanks to these fiberscan perform multiple movements, both unidirectional and multidirectional. Unidirectional turns include turns up, down, left and others, and multidirectional - the reduction of the organs of vision to one point. Such movements help the tissues work smoothly and present the same image to the person, due to its hit on the same area of the retina.
Muscles can provide movement for both eyes, while performing the main function:
- Move in the same direction. It is called versioned.
- Movement in different directions. It is called convergent (convergence, divergence).
What are the structural features?
As mentioned earlier, the oculomotor muscles are:
- Straight. Directly directed.
- The oblique muscles have an irregular course and are attached to the organ of vision by the upper and lower tissues.
All of these eye muscles start from a dense connecting ring that surrounds the external opening of the optic canal. In this situation, the lower oblique is considered an exception. At the same time, all five muscle fibers form a funnel, which has nerves inside, including the main visual one, as well as blood vessels.
If you go deeper, you will see how the oblique muscle deviates up and inward, while creating a block. Also in this area, the fibers pass into the tendon, which is thrown through a special loop, and at the same time, its direction changes to oblique. Then it is attached to the upperthe outer quadrant of the organ of vision under the upper tissue of the straight type.
Features of the inferior oblique and internal muscle
As for the inferior oblique muscle, it originates at the inner edge, which is located below the orbit and continues to the outer posterior border of the inferior rectus muscle. The oculomotor muscles, the closer to the apple, the more surrounded by a capsule of dense fiber, that is, the shadow shell, and then they are attached to the sclera, but not at the same distance from the limbus.
The performance of most fibers is regulated by the oculomotor nerve. In this situation, the external rectus is considered an exception, it is provided by the abducens nerve, and the superior oblique, which is provided by nerve impulses from the trochlear nerve. The internal muscles of the eye are closest to the limbus, and the upper straight and oblique are attached in the middle to the organ of vision.
The main feature of innervation is that a branch of the motor nerve controls the performance of a small number of muscles, therefore, maximum accuracy is achieved when moving human eyes.
Features of the structure of the upper and lower rectus, as well as the oblique muscle
The way the oculomotor muscles are attached will determine the movement of the apple. The internal and external straight fibers are located horizontally relative to the plane of the organ of vision, so a person can move them horizontally. Also, these two muscles are involved in providing vertical movement.
Now consider the structure of the oblique type of oculomotor muscles. They are capable of provoking more complex actions when reduced. This can be associated with some feature of the location and attachment to the sclera. The oblique muscle tissue, which is located above, helps the organ of vision to descend and turn outward, and the lower one helps to rise and also be retracted outward.
It is necessary to take into account one more nuance that affects the upper and lower rectus, as well as the oblique muscles - they have excellent regulation of nerve impulses, there is a well-coordinated work of the muscle tissue of the eyeball, while a person is able to perform complex movements in different directions. Therefore, people can see three-dimensional pictures, and the quality of the image is also improved, which then enters the brain.
Auxiliary muscles
In addition to the above fibers, other tissues that surround the palpebral fissure also take part in the work and mobility of the eyeball. In this case, the circular muscle is considered the most important. It has a unique structure, which is represented by several parts - orbital, lacrimal and secular.
So, abbreviation:
- of the orbital part occurs due to the straightening of the transverse folds, which are located in the frontal region, as well as by lowering the eyebrows and reducing the gap of the eyes;
- secular part occurs by closing the gap of the eyes;
- the lacrimal part is carried out by increasing the lacrimal sac.
Allthese three sections that make up the circular muscle are located around the eyeball. Their beginning is located directly near the medial angle on the bone base. Innervation occurs due to a small branch of the facial nerve. It must be understood that any contraction or tension of the oculomotor muscles of any type occurs with the help of nerves.
Other accessory muscle tissue
Also, unitary, multiunitary fabrics, which are of the smooth type, are also classified as auxiliary fibers. Multiunitary are the ciliary muscle and iris tissue. The unitary fiber is located near the lens, and the structure is able to provide accommodation. If you relax this muscle, you can transfer the image to the retina, and if it contracts, this leads to a significant protrusion of the lens, and objects that are closer can be seen much better.
Features
The function and anatomy of the oculomotor muscles are interrelated. Since due attention has already been paid to the structure, now we will analyze in more detail the function of this type of muscle tissue, without which a person will not be able to correctly perceive the world around him.
The main functional feature is the ability to provide full eye movement in different directions:
- Bringing to one point, that is, there is a movement, for example, to the nose. This feature is provided by the internal straight and additionally by the upper lower rectus muscle tissue.
- Reduction, that ismovement occurs in the temporal region. This feature is provided by the external straight line, additionally by the upper and lower oblique muscle tissues.
- Upward movement is due to the correct functioning of the superior rectus and inferior oblique muscles.
- Movement down is due to the proper functioning of the lower straight and upper oblique muscle tissue.
All movements are complex and coordinated with each other.
Training exercises
In any situation, eye movement disorders can occur, therefore, at the first manifestations of deviation, you should immediately contact a specialist who, after a thorough examination, will be able to prescribe an effective treatment. In most cases, diseases and pathologies of muscle tissue are eliminated surgically. To exclude any complications and interventions, constant training of the oculomotor muscles should be carried out.
Examples
- Exercise 1 - for external muscles. To relax not only muscle tissue, but also the eyes, you need to blink quickly for half a minute. Then rest and repeat the exercise again. Helps after a long day of work and long sitting at the computer.
- Exercise 2 - for internal muscles. Before the eyes at a distance of 0.3 m, you need to place your finger and carefully look at it for several seconds. Then in turn close your eyes, but continue to look at him. Then carefully look at the tip of your finger for 3-5 seconds.
- Exercise 3 - to strengthen the main tissues. The body and head must be motionless. Through the eyesyou need to move to the right, then to the left. Retraction to the side should be maximum. You need to do the exercise at least 9-11 times.
