Violation of sound pronunciation is called dyslalia. The child can rearrange sounds in syllables, change them to others. Often, babies make substitutions in such a way that it is more convenient and easier for them to pronounce words. Dyslalia in children and methods for its elimination are determined by a speech therapist. This specialist can establish an accurate diagnosis and develop tactics to correct this problem.
Reasons for the development of dyslalia
Violations can occur in children with developmental problems of the speech apparatus: jaws, tongue, lips, teeth. In this case, they speak of mechanical dyslalia. With the normal development of the speech apparatus, a diagnosis of "functional dyslalia" is made.
Organic disorders occur in those children who:
- short frenulum of tongue and upper lip;
- excessively thick lips;
- defects in the structure of the sky (it can be too high or low);
- toolarge or, conversely, small tongue;
- malocclusion;
- sedentary upper lip.
The causes of dyslalia in children may not be related to the structural features of the speech apparatus. In this case, a violation of sound pronunciation occurs due to:
- imitating someone's wrong speech;
- pedagogical neglect;
- wrong culture of speech in the family;
- inability to keep the tongue in the correct position;
- underdevelopment of phonemic hearing;
- fast language transitions from one movement to another.
Possible forms of violations
To understand how a disease manifests itself, it is necessary to understand what its forms are. Depending on the number of problematic sounds, dyslalia can be simple or complex. This is determined by the speech pathologist. In the first case, the baby will not pronounce up to 5 sounds. With a complex form of dyslalia, there will be more than 5. A speech therapist can tell what parents need to do if dyslalia has been found in children. Both the methods of its elimination and the definition of an approach to treatment should be discussed already at the first meeting.
Depending on the nature of the defect, several subspecies of dyslalia are distinguished separately:
- lambdacism: problems with pronunciation of hard and soft "l";
- rotacism: the child incorrectly pronounces hard and soft "p";
- sigmatism: violations of the pronunciation of hissing;
- cappacism: problems with hard and soft "k";
- Jotacism: incorrect pronunciation of "y";
- hitism: violation in the pronunciation of "x";
- Gammatzism: Trouble pronouncing "g";
- defects in the softening and hardness of sounds: a child can replace hard consonants with paired soft ones and vice versa;
- deafening and voicing defects: voiced consonants change to voiceless and vice versa.
This is how dyslalia manifests itself in children. But do not be afraid of this diagnosis: with the proper work of parents and a speech therapist, speech disorders can be corrected.
Forms of functional dyslalia
During the examination, the speech therapist determines the most pronounced signs of speech disorders. This allows you to coordinate the work of a speech therapist and make it more effective. Specialists distinguish these types of functional dyslalia:
1) acoustic phonemic;
2) articulatory-phonetic;
3) articulatory-phonemic.
In the first case, poor development of speech hearing leads to problems. Because of this, sounds that are similar in acoustic characteristics are mixed. Sometimes the inferiority of their perception causes the child to miss them in speech.
Articulatory-phonetic dyslalia in preschool children occurs when articulatory positions are not mastered correctly. At the same time, babies begin to distort the spoken sounds.
With articulatory-phonemic dyslalia, the child does not learn the correct position of the tongue, which should be when pronouncing a particular sound. This causes them to mix.
Here it is so different - dyslalia in children. And her methodselimination, therefore, will also vary. Depending on the established diagnosis, a speech therapist must develop tactics for working with a child.
Correction of various forms of speech disorders
If there is an incorrect pronunciation of sounds belonging to one group, for example, whistling, we are talking about simple violations. To correct them, 2-3 months of cooperation with a speech therapist is enough, sometimes the correction can last six months. But complex dyslalia in children, which is characterized by a violation of the pronunciation of 5 or more groups of sounds, requires longer and painstaking work.
In most cases, with complex forms, phonemic hearing is impaired in children. In the process of correction, difficulties arise not with the need to “set” a large number of sounds, but with the fact that the child begins to hear them correctly. This takes a lot of time. It is important that the child perform tasks not only with a speech therapist, but also with their parents at home. Only with regular and systematic exercises can speech be restored in a short time.
Correction of mechanical dyslalia
To correct the sound pronunciation in children who have problems with the speech apparatus, it is necessary to eliminate the very cause of the development of the pathology. If such is too short a frenulum of the tongue or upper lip, then it is enough just to cut it - and the child will begin to speak correctly.
Things are a little more complicated in cases where violations are caused by malocclusion. In this case, consultation with an orthodontist is required. It can help correct an overbite with the help of special appliances.even at an early age. If this is not possible, then the hard work of a speech therapist begins. It should be aimed at obtaining the necessary acoustic effect in a child with these disorders.
Also, a speech therapist is able to help those children who have an irregular structure of the sky. Specialists know how to guide the uvula in those who have gothic, flat or slit-like upper arches in their mouths.
Examination of a child
Before starting classes, a speech therapist should examine the mobility of the child's speech apparatus and ask the mother about the course of pregnancy and childbirth. A variety of didactic materials allow you to determine the existing defects and determine the degree of development of children. After such a study, a speech therapist can tell if children have dyslalia. "Symptoms" (overt speech impairment) are assessed in conjunction with a phonemic awareness test. Only then is a diagnosis made.
If the speech therapist does not notice mechanical disorders, he will send the child to a specialized specialist. It can be a surgeon, an orthodontist or an otolaryngologist. A speech therapist may recommend going to the last specialist if he suspects that the child has a hearing impairment. With a functional form of pathology, it is advisable to visit a neurologist. He examines children with dyslalia to rule out a general underdevelopment of speech. Although a speech therapist can also make a preliminary diagnosis.
Steps of correction of sound pronunciation
The teacher develops a system of interaction with a child who has been diagnoseddyslalia. The work should be aimed not only at the correction of sound pronunciation, but also at the development of memory, attention, phonemic hearing. The specialist also makes efforts to develop speech motor skills. For these purposes, a special speech therapy massage is done. Also part of the lesson is devoted to doing gymnastics. It is mandatory if dyslalia has been diagnosed in children. Treatment (exercises help develop the speech apparatus) consists in developing the correct pronunciation of sounds, automating them and developing the ability for auditory differentiation.
When staging sounds, work is simultaneously being done to automate them. To do this, they are pronounced as part of separate syllables and words. For the correct setting, the imitation technique is used. If it does not work, then a speech therapist using a special probe can help the child by pointing the tongue in the right direction.
Goals of speech therapy correction
The work of a specialist should be aimed at both correcting sound pronunciation and recognizing sounds, the ability to pronounce them correctly, and control one's speech.
You need to know all the features of overcoming dyslalia in children, because without this it will not be possible to achieve a result. To organize the work of the speech therapist-child pair, it is necessary to create favorable conditions. The kid must trust the teacher, they must have emotional contact. To do this, the speech therapist needs to take care of organizing classes in an interesting form for the child. They should encourage cognitive activity,prevent possible fatigue.
If this can be achieved, the child will be able to:
- learn to recognize different sounds and not mix them;
- distinguish between correct and incorrect pronunciation;
- control your own speech;
- easy to vary the sounds in the speech stream;
- accurately identify the sound and highlight it in speech.
Prevention of dyslalia
If parents do not want to look for materials on the topic "Dyslalia in children and methods for its elimination" in the future, then they need to know in advance how to prevent the development of such a disorder.
Prevention of the development of the mechanical form of the disease will be a regular examination by specialized doctors who will be able to detect anatomical disorders in the development of the speech organs in time.
It is also important to surround the child with people with the right speech. Adults should not "lisp" with the baby, because this forms communication stereotypes in him. The child should have several role models. If one of the relatives has speech problems, then his role in raising a child should not be leading.
