One of the most famous pathologies affecting the endocrine system is diabetes mellitus. The disease occurs as a result of weak activity of the pancreatic hormone. If it is absolutely not produced, the first type is diagnosed, in all other cases - the second. The grades of diabetes differ according to the patient's level of dependence on insulin.
Why people get type 2 diabetes
Until very recently, as almost every medical history shows, type 2 diabetes was a disease of the elderly. Most often it developed in patients whose age exceeded forty years. Today, even teenagers can be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Treatment of the disease is always determined individually and depends on the patient's history. However, all people have a persistent violation of carbohydrate metabolism with the development of dysfunction of insulin receptors.
Causes of Diabetes:
- Genetic (hereditary) predisposition.
- Obesity caused by sedentary lifestyle and overeating.
- Bad habits.
- The presence of other ailments of the endocrine system (hypo-, hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, pathology of the pituitary gland, adrenal cortex).
- Complication after serious diseases of the pancreas (pancreatitis, cancer).
- Arterial hypertension.
- Systematic overeating, unbalanced diet.
Risk groups
The causes of diabetes that provoke the development of the disease can be expanded by some additional factors. So, the risk group includes people whose age exceeds forty years. In addition, in the presence of a genetic predisposition, conditions such as severe infections, injuries, operations, pregnancy, severe stress and long-term use of certain medications can "push" the development of the disease.
Diagnosis and insulin dependence
Diabetes mellitus does not show obvious symptoms and is often detected during a laboratory biochemical analysis of blood or urine. The disease progresses very slowly, but can lead to complications, which will be described below.
If a person is already afflicted with a disease such as type 2 diabetes, which has not even been treated and diagnosed, his body still continues to produce insulin. The synthesis of the hormone may be sufficient, the main problem is that the receptor cells do not show sensitivity to it.
The indication for switching to artificial insulin is not the level of sugar in the blood, but other criteria. With the aggressive, long-term development of the disease, complete depletion of beta cells occurs,located in the pancreas. When they are almost completely atrophied, a synthesized hormone is introduced into the treatment regimen.
If type 2 diabetes is diagnosed, treatment with a switch to insulin is often unreasonable. The patient must undergo a full range of special studies in order to reliably determine the level of hormone production and the response of beta cells to it.
Insulin, when diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, is prescribed in extreme cases, that is, with complete depletion of cells.
Symptoms of disease
The body does not give severe symptoms, however, the following conditions help to understand that he alth is under threat:
- almost constant, pronounced thirst;
- severe hunger even after eating;
- persistent dry mouth;
- frequent urination;
- fatigue, fatigue, weakness;
- headaches;
- blurred vision;
- unexplained fluctuations in weight, either decreasing or increasing.
If a person often feels such conditions, it is better to be screened for type 1 or type 2 diabetes. If the disease is detected at an early stage, it will be possible to avoid the development of complications.
The following symptoms rarely occur:
- slow healing cuts and wounds;
- itching, especially in the groin;
- drastic, unreasonable weight gain;
- frequent fungal infections;
- dark spots in the groin, armpits, on the neck(acanthokeratoderma);
- tingling and numbness in limbs;
- decrease in libido.
Treatment
Modern diagnostics, which allows to identify failures in carbohydrate metabolism, helps to establish the causes of non-insulin dependent diabetes. Based on this, an effective treatment is prescribed, which involves the selection of drugs that reduce glucose levels based on the causes that caused the violations. Also, the therapy of diseases that served as a factor in the development of the disease is carried out, the elimination of complications is being carried out. An important role is played by preventive screening and regular visits to the endocrinologist.
Medicated treatment
If monotherapy, consisting of a strict diet, is ineffective, it is often necessary to prescribe special drugs that reduce sugar levels. Some modern pharmacological agents (prescribed exclusively by the attending physician after establishing the causes of destabilization of carbohydrate metabolism) do not exclude the consumption of carbohydrates. This helps to prevent the occurrence of hypoglycemic conditions. The choice of a specific medication and the formation of a treatment regimen is carried out taking into account the history and individual characteristics of the patient. Do not take diabetes medicine on the advice of another patient whom it has helped, or simply on your own, otherwise you can cause irreparable harm to your body.
Pharmacological agents used for treatment (all groups of these medications are completely contraindicated during pregnancy and includi-g.webp
- Medication for diabetes belonging to the sulfonylurea group, for example, Amaryl, Glurenorm, Maninil, Diabeton.
- Relatively innovative means that restore cell sensitivity to insulin (drugs "Avandia", "Rosiglitazone", "Aktos", "Pioglitazone").
- The drug "Siafor" and its analogues, metformin biguanide.
- Combined medicines such as Glibomet, Metaglip, Glucovans.
- Drugs that regulate the level of sugar after eating or, in other words, glinides.
- Medications that slow down the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestines and their subsequent digestion, for example, Miglitol, Dibicor, Acarbose.
- Dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors (standard antidiabetic drugs).
Innovative drugs and treatments
Drugs of the liraglutide group are the only ones of their kind. The principle of action is based on the imitation of the activity of the natural hormone GPL-1, which provides an innovative approach to the treatment of the disease already in the early stages.
Finally, it is worth noting that the indicator of the level of glycated hemoglobin is becoming an international criterion for the effectiveness of the treatment of the disease.
Main goals of therapy
- Stimulation of the normal synthesis of natural insulin.
- Correction of the amount of lipids contained in the blood.
- Reducing the rate of absorption of glucose into the blood from the intestines, reducing its absorption.
- Increased sensitivity of peripheral tissues to the hormone.
Physiotherapy
Patients are often shown the same type of physical activity. It can be easy running, cycling, swimming, walking, walking. The mode and level of difficulty of the exercises are set by the physician, based on the individual characteristics of the person.
Treatment and prevention of complications
An important factor in the prevention of complications is the control of blood pressure. The diagnosis automatically places patients at high risk even at low levels. If a person suffers from hypertension, this is comparable to the presence of three additional risk factors. These are disorders of the fatty (lipid) composition of the blood (dyslipidemia), obesity and smoking.
Adequate measures significantly reduce mortality, reduce the risk of developing diseases of the cardiovascular system, and prevent the progression of kidney failure at different stages of development. Therapy aimed at lowering blood pressure should be carried out quite aggressively even in those patients who have mild hypertension. This is a must for kidney protection and overall well-being.
Medications that impair tissue sensitivity to insulin should be avoided whenever possible. Diabetes negatively affects fat metabolism and blood glucose levels, so these drugs should also be avoided.
People with type 2 diabetes often need to be prescribed a combination of antihypertensive medications. It is advisable to start such treatment at a pressure level of up to 140/90 mm / RT. Art. If the doctor fails to lower the pressure through lifestyle optimization, such therapy begins at a level of 130/80 mm/Hg. st.
Doctors note that there is often a need to correct violations of fat metabolism. Taking drugs that control blood fat reduces mortality by 37-48%.
Treatment of diabetic neuropathy
This complication affects 75% of patients who develop diabetes for several years. As a rule, peripheral nerves suffer and sensitivity to temperature changes decreases, tingling, numbness, and burning of the extremities occur. This lesion is the main risk factor leading to the formation of the "diabetic foot" syndrome. In the absence of therapy, the outcome is amputation of the leg.
The question of the treatment of neuropathy is separate. In addition to the main ones, drugs are prescribed that act on oxidative damage to cells, protect blood vessels and nerves, and prevent the progression of atherosclerosis. Such drugs have a hepatoprotective effect, that is, they protect the liver.
Tea for diabetics
Official medicine rarely recognizes the effectiveness of traditional methods of treatment. However, diabetes tea is already recognized by the scientific community as a he althy drink to help patients achieve healing.
We are talking about a special variety called "Monastic tea". According to official studies, patients after using it feel lightness, a surge of strength,a charge of energy, which is due to the restoration of metabolism and the normalization of the functions of body cells.
Tea therapy, acting with antioxidants and active ingredients, affects cell receptors, stabilizing their performance and regeneration. Thanks to this effect, diseased cells become he althy and the whole body is involved in the recovery process.
You can find "Monastic tea" only in one place - in the holy monastery in Belarus. The monks were able to create a unique blend of powerful and rare herbs. The drink has already managed to prove its effectiveness in the scientific community, type 2 diabetes, the treatment of which is based on these herbs, goes away in two weeks, which is fully confirmed by studies. A sick person is recommended to follow the instructions that are in the method of tea therapy.
Scientific Research and Monastic Tea
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, which was treated according to the methods of traditional medicine, often progressed, which caused an extremely negative reaction from doctors. However, regarding tea, opinions have changed in a diametrically opposite direction.
To reveal all the properties of the drink, scientists conducted a thirty-day study in which a group of volunteers participated. After 27 people suffering from this disease underwent therapy, the following results were revealed:
- A sharp decrease in blood sugar was detected in 89% of patients. The age group of subjects ranged from 25 to 69 years old.
- 27 volunteers showed stable regenerationcells.
- Significant improvement in mood and well-being has been established.
- In the body, metabolic processes have significantly improved.
- Tea for diabetes increased libido in men.
Principles of nutrition, or monotherapy
The nutrition of people with a similar diagnosis should follow a fractional scheme. You should organize 5-6 meals daily. The diet for diabetes is predominantly a sub-calorie food, at the rate of 25 kcal per kg of body weight.
The patient should exclude easily digestible carbohydrates by supplementing the therapeutic diet with foods rich in fiber.
Benefits of fiber for diabetics
Fiber is indicated for use in case of carbohydrate metabolism failures. Vegetable cellulose reduces the absorption of glucose in the intestines, which also reduces its concentration in the blood. Products containing this plant fiber remove accumulated toxins and absorb excess fluid. It will be especially useful for those people who, in addition to diabetes, are obese. Swelling in the digestive tract, fiber induces satiety and helps reduce the calorie content of food without unbearable hunger.
Maximum effect can be achieved by eating fiber in combination with complex carbohydrates. The content of potatoes should be limited in the menu; it is better to soak its tubers before heat treatment. Light carbohydrates are found in beets, carrots, peas, which can be taken once a day. Without restriction, dietary nutrition allows you to replenish the diet with squash, cucumbers, zucchini,sorrel, cabbage, eggplant, pumpkin, lettuce, bell pepper, kohlrabi. The use of fruits and berries of unsweetened varieties is shown. Caution should be shown to bananas, figs, persimmons.
Baked goods should also be presented in small quantities. It is better to give preference to bread with bran. Even cereals and grain products are chosen based on their fiber content. It is permissible to use pearl barley, buckwheat, oatmeal, corn grits. The diabetes diet always contains these cereals.
Basic principles of monotherapy
- Significant restriction of s alt content in food.
- Half of the fats we eat are vegetable fats.
- Products should be rich in minerals and vitamins.
- It is permissible to consume 30 ml of alcohol per day, no more.
- Quit smoking.
- Ban on strong broths, fatty fish, meat, cheeses, pastry, sausage, pickles and marinades, semolina, rice.
- Frequent consumption of ice cream, confectionery, sugar, carbonated drinks, sweet juices, jams is unacceptable.
Bread units
A bread unit is the equivalent of 10 grams of sugar and 25 grams of bread. A similar principle was created specifically to facilitate the formation of the menu for people suffering from this disease. Special tables have been developed that greatly facilitate the calculation of carbohydrates. Most often, the technique is used if diabetes is of the first type, but for patients with overweight, it is alsonecessary.
The role of nutrition in the life of a diabetic
The question of what to eat with diabetes worries many patients. It must be borne in mind that even if this disease is detected, carbohydrates are an integral part of the diet. The diet should be complete, consisting of all substances of vital importance. When carbohydrates are digested in the body, energy is synthesized and stored. Therefore, half the meal should consist of complex, slow carbohydrates, which gradually increase glucose levels.
In order to make good recipes for type 2 diabetes, you should be familiar with the (glycemic) index of foods compared to a pure glucose parameter of 100.
About 20% of the diet should be proteins of animal and vegetable origin. However, it is necessary to avoid an excessive amount of animal proteins, which will have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the kidneys and liver. A sufficient level can be obtained from legumes.
Recipes for diabetes are designed with limited fat content, but they are not completely excluded. It should be borne in mind that they are found in eggs, nuts, fish, meat. Such a calculation will eventually become a habit and will not be so tiring.
Conclusion
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is treated under strict medical supervision, recedes, but is not completely cured. To feel the full quality of life and excellent he alth, you should adhere to the principles of rational nutrition and control the course of the disease with regular visits to the endocrinologist.
People diagnosed with diabetes should prepare for a life that will be under strict control. This primarily concerns eating habits and lifestyle. Although the disease, which belongs to the second type, is not as severe as the first, it requires discipline and will from a person.
If you do not follow medical recommendations, type II can easily turn into type I, which significantly impairs the quality of life. Therefore, do not neglect your own he alth, it is so easy to lose it.
