If one of the organs or systems of the human body fails or even minimally disturbed, this can lead to a change in the normal state of the blood. This means that its morphological, protein, electrolyte and gas composition can be changed. Such phenomena are usually called the pathophysiology of blood.
Such phenomena occur when the nervous system, kidneys, lungs, endocrine gland and other organs are disturbed. In this case, the blood ceases to perform its main functions. For example, with problems with the lungs, the respiratory function, that is, the transport of oxygen, is disturbed. The process of delivering nutrients, hormones and other important components to all tissues of the body is also complicated. Thus, a change in the pathophysiology of the blood may also affect the protective functions, since the production of antibodies will be complicated.
General data
Various processes can occur in the blood that violate its functional and other features. If a person suffers from a particular pathology, then this leads to the destruction of blood cells. However, in rare situations, changing the composition of a vital fluid is beneficial to a person. In this case, it is aboutrejuvenation of blood and pathophysiology, which positively affects a person. However, more often with age or under the influence of other factors, this negatively affects the state of human he alth.
Blood itself consists of complex elements: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. All these parts are inextricably linked with each other. This means that any pathological processes in the circulatory system cannot be of a strictly isolated type.
If we talk about the functional features of the circulatory system, then, as a rule, it performs a correlative function. Sometimes secondary disorders occur, which are the body's response to certain pathological processes that occur in other organs and systems. For example, during an inflammatory reaction or an infectious process, the immune system is activated. Accordingly, antibodies begin to be produced in the blood. Also, the activation of the circulatory system occurs with a decrease in pressure, a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere, and due to many other factors.
Some drugs can have adverse effects on the circulatory system. In this case, the system is suppressed and other pathological processes occur. It is also worth considering that blood cells can be exposed to various types of pathogenic agents. They can be attacked by bacteria, viruses, chemicals. This leads not only to the destruction of cells, but also to a violation of their function in the development of antigenic structures.
Most often negative causes of changes (pathophysiology of white blood or red)are autoimmune reactions in the human body. Also, the state of these particles is affected by the fact that a person has severe blood loss. This can change the total volume of circulating fluid. Sometimes there is a change in the physico-chemical properties of the blood, the pathophysiology changes. Most often, this has a negative impact on the human condition. It is worth considering the most common cases of changes in blood composition. It will also be helpful to know how it affects the person.
Change in total blood volume
If you study the literature on the pathophysiology of blood (Shiffman F. J. or other authors), you can find out many interesting facts. For example, that the human body contains about 6-8% of vital fluid. If we talk about the percentage of red blood cells, then, based on the total volume of plasma, this indicator is called hematocrit. As a rule, its rate is 36-48%. These data are carefully studied when deciphering blood tests and pathophysiology. To obtain more accurate information, it is necessary to centrifuge in a special capillary. When the ratio of erythrocytes and plasma changes, pathological changes occur, which entail serious consequences. It is worth considering the main types of changes in blood composition.
Hypervolemia
In this case, we are talking about the pathophysiology of the blood, which is a significant increase in the total volume of fluid. There are several types of this disease:
- A simple shape. In this case, the cellsplasma begins to increase proportionally. This pathology may be temporary. Most often this happens after a blood transfusion and during very strong physical exertion. In this case, tissue fluid may enter the vascular bed.
- Hypervolemia, aligocetemic check. In this case, an increase in the total volume of blood is also recorded, however, due to its liquid part. In this case, a decrease in hematocrit is observed. A similar condition can be triggered by diseases, in the process of swelling and after a person has undergone a procedure during which he was injected with saline. This is not as safe a procedure as it might seem at first glance. It is worth noting that if an animal is injected with a large amount of saline, it can even cause death. It does not have such an effect on the human body, but it affects the blood circulation process. This leads to stagnation in the small circle. In addition, such a development of hypoglycemia can lead to anemia, cachexia and other pathologies in which there is a decrease in the volume of red blood cells. With such a pathophysiology of red blood, there is no danger of death, but the condition must be kept under control.
- Polycetymic. In this case, a significant increase in the amount of blood is carried out at the expense of erythrocytes. At the same time, such pathophysiology of red blood is compensatory in nature. For example, similar problems may occur in those who live in the highlands or in people suffering from heart defects. ExceptTherefore, such pathologies can cause a malignant disease of the human circulatory system. As a rule, when this disease occurs, the volume of blood can even exceed the norm by 2 times. This is due to the predominance of erythrocytes. In the process of research, a general analysis of the pathophysiology of blood shows a strong increase in hematocrit. In medical practice, many experiments were carried out on animals. During the tests, it was possible to establish that with an increase in the total blood volume by 100%, no serious pathological signs were observed. If the amount of vital fluid is increased by 150% or more, then this can provoke serious disorders, due to which the vessels are overstretched. This leads to a drop in their tone. In addition, in such a situation, the permeability of the walls of blood vessels decreases. This leads to thickening of the fluid, which makes the work of the cardiovascular system very difficult.
Hypovolemia
In this case, we are talking about the pathophysiology of blood, which is to reduce its total volume. If we talk about hypovolemia, then in this case there are also 3 stages of development of this pathology:
- Simple. In this case, plasma and cellular elements decrease proportionally. As in the first described case, with a simple degree of hypovolemia, the phenomenon can be of a short-term nature. Accordingly, changes in the blood are the result of a strong shock. This is due to the fact that a large amount of liquid does not take part in the circulation process. When examining hematocrit values,change.
- Aligocetemic hypovolemia. In this case, the amount of blood decreases due to the content of red blood cells. This happens against the background of severe blood loss. This means that much less blood enters the vascular bed and is delivered to the tissues of the body. With a change in the pathophysiology of the red blood system, hematocrit values become significantly lower.
- Polycethymic hypovolemia. In this case, the change in blood volume is due to fluid loss. At the same time, erythrocytes remain normal. However, they become more due to the thickening of the liquid. A similar condition can develop on the background of dehydration, for example, if a person suffers from frequent diarrhea or severe vomiting, overheating and intense sweating, and also after burns.
Bleeding
If the vessels are injured due to external injuries, then this can cause the development of this disease. Bleeding can be external or internal. If we talk about the last category, then this can happen, for example, due to stomach ulcers when there is gastrointestinal bleeding. There are also other varieties of this blood pathophysiology.
If we talk about the main characteristics that accompany blood loss, then in this case it is worth noting a strong change in the volume of circulating fluid. This can lead to hypoxemia and hypoxia in the organs and some tissues of the human body. If we talk about the first pathology, then in this case an adaptive reaction and pathological changes occur. In the secondIn this case, there are several signs of a change in system performance. This results in:
- compensate for low blood pressure;
- redistribution of vascular tone;
- ejection of deposited blood;
- tachycardia;
- acceleration of clotting;
- compensatory shortness of breath and many other symptoms.
If blood loss is classified as a non-fatal condition, then a temporary pathological condition may be provoked in this case. As a rule, it is called anemia. If the blood loss is much greater, then in this case decompensation occurs. This means that this pathology of the pathophysiology of the blood leads to the fact that the human body suffers from oxygen starvation, which in turn can lead to death.
Features of blood loss
To compensate for blood loss, you must first equalize blood pressure. If it stays at 70mmHg and continues to fall, it could lead to collapse. This means that there will be serious violations of the blood supply to the central nervous system. This will negatively affect not only the heart, but also other organs. Because of this, cardiac activity will be worse. Against this background, the delivery of oxygen to the tissues of the body will worsen, metabolic processes will be disrupted.
It is also worth considering that brain cells suffer more from a lack of oxygen. At the first stages, transcendental inhibition of the cortex occurs. Gradually, inhibition of the underlying and vital centers develops, towhich include respiratory and vasomotor. It is worth noting that death from blood loss occurs not due to the lack of vital fluid, but against the background of paralysis of the central center. This is what leads to cardiac arrest.
Consequences of blood loss
In this case, everything depends on the volume of fluid and the period for which the human body loses it. This is one of the most important factors determining the patient's condition. If the patient once loses 1/3 or even 1/4 of the total volume of circulating blood, then this can threaten his life. This is due to a sharp drop in pressure and the possible development of hypoxia. If a person simultaneously lost 50% of the blood, then this situation is considered fatal.
When the liquid is excreted from the human body slowly, for example, within a few days, then in this case there is no need to talk about lethality. This is due to the fact that compensatory mechanisms have time to start working and produce new cells. This equalizes blood pressure, thereby eliminating the risk of hypoxia.
However, in this case there are certain dangers, since everything depends on how quickly the body reacts to blood loss and performs compensatory functions. It is worth noting that with the greatest care it is necessary to handle newborns and infants. They are considered the most sensitive to blood loss. If the baby loses even a minimal part of the fluid, then this can adversely affect the functioning of the nervous system and cardiovascular system. ExceptIn addition, increased sensitivity to pathologies of the blood system and pathophysiology of various types is observed in people who are in a state of deep anesthesia, and with hypothermia. Therefore, you should be careful. It is necessary to check with a specialist about all possible risks during surgical procedures.
Pathophysiology of the blood coagulation system
In the normal state, these indicators are regulated by neuroendocrine mechanisms. If a person suffers from certain diseases, then the process of interaction of coagulation factors can be disrupted, and they slow down. This leads to bleeding. If the analysis of the pathophysiology of the blood shows an acceleration of fluid clotting, then thrombosis may occur.
When slowing down these processes, it is worth paying attention to several signs that affect the development of this pathology. This can happen from a lack of several coagulation factors if the work of natural procoagulants, plasma and lamellar components is disrupted. Also, this happens with an excess of heparin.
If a person suffers from bleeding disorders, then in this case, he may experience prolonged bleeding and even internal hemorrhages.
Thrombocytopenia
When this pathology occurs, a person has severe bleeding, which is very difficult to stop. Additionally, other blood tasks in pathophysiology may be impaired. It is worth paying attention to the symptoms that cause concern. For example, ifit is difficult for a person to stop bleeding, even after the smallest cut. You should also pay attention to:
- bleeding gums;
- frequent bruising;
- small rash of a specific type on the body (usually most often formed on the legs);
- frequent nosebleeds;
- prolonged menstruation in women;
- bloody inclusions in feces and urine.
The person himself may feel completely normal. However, after a blood test, the pathophysiology becomes apparent. Thrombocytopenia is dangerous because it can provoke internal bleeding of any organ of the human body. The worst thing is a brain hemorrhage. However, it should be understood that, like any pathology, this disease cannot arise without reason.
Most often, the development of this disease leads to too hampered formation of platelets in the blood. Also, their redistribution can provoke this state. Because of this, there is a strong decrease in the concentration of platelets in the blood.
The factors that are responsible for the development of this pathology can also include too much destruction of platelets. It must be understood that with a severe form of this pathology, a hemorrhagic stroke may occur. Therefore, if even the most minor symptoms occur, you should immediately contact a specialist. It is worth studying the literature on the pathophysiology of blood. Schiffman F. J. describes these processes in some detail.
Hemostasis
This pathology can also lead to serious he alth problems in humans. There are several phases in the development of hemostasis:
- 1 stage. At this stage, plate thrombus formation occurs. This means that there are disorders that lead to hemophilia. In addition, changes in immune inhibitors can be observed, clotting is disturbed. A person may develop immunoglobulins, which, as a rule, occur in the human body with the development of rheumatism and other diseases.
- 2 stage. During this period, thrombin is formed, which provokes disorders and pathologies in the liver. This leads to a decrease in the synthesis of various components. Jaundice, resection of the small intestine, dysbacteriosis and other diseases can also provoke such a condition. Quite often avitaminosis comes to light. It is also worth considering that vitamin K is directly involved in the formation of plasma factors that are responsible for blood clotting. If a person has kidney disease, then this component begins to be excreted very rapidly along with urine. Also, drug treatment using antibiotics can lead to the second phase of hemostasis. This provokes the formation of inhibitors of plasma factors. In addition, hemostasis develops against the background of anaphylactic shock and insulin overdose. In this case, the production of anticoagulant components in the blood is also disrupted.
- 3 stage. Fibrin is formed during this phase. This happens against the background of pathological processes that occur in the liver. This leads todecrease in fibrinogen synthesis. Also, stage 3 can be caused by hereditary ailments. Deterioration of a person's condition is sometimes observed due to surgery, severe burns, against the background of shock, poisoning with toxic agents. Pathology develops against the background of a violation of the quality and volume of platelets produced by the body, with the use of certain drugs, as well as if blood clotting disorders have occurred.
You should read more in the book on blood pathophysiology (Schiffman), which can be bought at an affordable price.
RBC osmotic resistance
This parameter indicates the stability of those components that resist a decrease in the concentration of s alt in the blood plasma. They directly depend on how mature the erythrocytes that are located in the bloodstream.
With an increase in the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes, adsorption of cholesterol and other products that disrupt protein metabolism on the cell surface occurs. Obstructive jaundice, various malignant tumors, atherosclerosis and other pathologies can contribute to this.
Also, an increase in the WEM may appear when immature cells appear. Most often this occurs due to severe blood loss. Also, a similar pathology is observed in people in the process of aging, against the background of heredity and with other signs.
Leukocytosis
In pathophysiology (white blood pathology), ailments of this category are often observed. Leukocytosis is a temporary phenomenon that canaffect a he althy person if redistribution of fluid occurs in the vascular bed. For example, with strong muscle work, a pathology of the myogenic type develops. Also, the pathophysiology of white blood changes during the digestive process.
If leukocytosis lasts for a longer time, then most often it is caused by infections in the human body, disorders of the endocrine system, disorders associated with hormonal regulation.
When this pathology occurs, the output of leukocytes that enter the blood is accelerated. This may be due to the influence of toxins, products of tissue breakdown. The volume of leukopoietins can significantly increase when an inflammatory process occurs, against the background of the development of an infectious disease or severe blood loss. As a rule, the concentration of substances is observed in the kidneys. In order to establish the presence of this pathology, it is necessary to take tests and clarify the number of leukocytes in human blood.
Pathophysiology of impaired blood lipid transport
In this case we are talking about the development of hyperlipoproteinemia. There is a violation of the transport ability of lipids in the human body. Transport hyperlipemia can form against the background of the fact that glycogen depletion occurs in the liver. The reason for this may be the development of diabetes or starvation. Also, this leads to the formation of adrenaline, thyroxine and other components. If fatty tissues accumulate outside the tissue of the same name, then this leads to infiltration. With the simultaneous process of protoplasm of these cells, dystrophy occurs. Tothis can be caused by a decrease in enzymes of the oxidative and hydrolytic category.
This condition may be caused by hepatic lipogenesis. Also, the pathology develops against the background of a strong deterioration in oxidative processes in the body. In addition, a condition leads to an illness when lipolysis of adipose tissues increases.
If anxiety symptoms appear, you should seek the advice of a specialist. Only after conducting all the necessary tests, the doctor will be able to make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe the most effective therapy or prevention (with temporary manifestations of ailments).
