In the article, we will consider the norms of a general urine test for women.
This is a comprehensive study of the material in the laboratory, which is able to determine the chemical and physical properties of urine. Based on the indicators obtained as a result of the study, the doctor is able to confirm a number of diseases.
General urine analysis of a woman is part of any diagnostic measures, as it is quite easy to perform and provides comprehensive information about the state of he alth. Receiving the results of the study, the specialist makes a diagnosis, and, if necessary, appoints an additional examination, including visits to highly qualified specialists.
What is the norm for a general urine test in women, many people are interested.
Collecting and submitting a urine test
Most often, a urine test is indicated for women during the gestation period. It is during the bearing of a child that urine is able to show the presence of pathological processes in the body,which will allow you to diagnose the problem in a timely manner and take appropriate measures.
It is important to know how to collect urine for a general analysis for women.
Such a study is assigned in the following cases:
- Study and evaluation of the urinary system. An analysis is also prescribed for suspected pathologies in other systems and internal organs.
- Monitoring the development of the disease and assessing the quality and effectiveness of the therapy.
- Prophylactic examination.
The study of urine helps to diagnose various pathologies of the kidneys, prostate, bladder, neoplasms, pyelonephritis and other diseases in the early stages of development, even in the absence of clinical manifestations.
How to take a general urine test for women?
Before sampling urine, you must carefully observe the rules of intimate hygiene of the genitourinary system. This will prevent contaminants from entering the collected liquid, which can spoil the results of the general analysis of urine in women.
Urine is collected in a sterile container, preferably in a special urine collection container bought at a pharmacy.
How to take a general urine test for a woman?
12 hours before the proposed collection of biomaterial, it is recommended to stop taking drugs that may affect the analysis. The study should be carried out no later than two hours after the collection of urine.
To conduct a general urine test, you needcollect the morning portion of the fluid that accumulates in the bladder during sleep. This material is considered the most revealing and reliable in relation to the required research.
Common urinalysis: the norm in women
A general urine test involves an assessment of a number of indicators, the norm of which are the following results:
- The color of the liquid must be any shade of yellow.
- Transparency. Urine should be clear and not cloudy.
- The smell in the normal state is non-specific and not sharp.
- Reaction or alkaline balance. Urine is acidic with a pH less than 7.
What other indicators of the norm in the general analysis of urine in women?
- Specific gravity or relative density is normally between 1.012 g/L - 1.022 g/L.
- Urobilinogen ranges from 5 to 10 mg/L.
- Urine should normally be free of the following indicators: protein, glucose, ketone bodies, bilirubin, casts, hemoglobin, s alts, bacteria, fungi and parasites.
- RBCs according to microscopic examination should be 0-3 in the field of view (for women).
- What is the norm of leukocytes in the general analysis of urine in women? Leukocytes according to the results of microscopy should not be more than 6 in the field of view for women.
- Epithelial cells should be visible in the amount of no more than 10.
Indicators of the norm of the general analysis of urine in pregnant women are presented in the table.
General urine testing is fairly fast even thoughon a wide range of metrics to be tested. The composition and properties of urine can change dramatically depending on the state of he alth of the body in general and the kidneys in particular. That is why this analysis is very valuable for the doctor.
Consider the decoding of the general analysis of urine in women. The norm is described above.
Urine shade
The color of urine directly depends on the amount of liquid a person drinks per day, as well as on the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine. If the urine is watery, pale and colorless for a long time, this may indicate diabetes and insulin-dependent mellitus, as well as chronic kidney failure.
If the urine is intensely colored, fluid loss outside the kidneys can be assumed, which is typical for diarrhea and fever. Shades from pink to red-brown indicate blood in the urine, which indicates the following diseases:
- Urolithiasis.
- The presence of a neoplasm in the organs of the genitourinary system.
- Kidney infarction.
- Tuberculosis.
If clots are found in the urine, we can talk about acute glomerulonephritis. The dark red hue of urine appears with massive hemolysis of blood cells, namely red blood cells. Against the background of icteric syndrome, urine may become brown or greenish. Black color is found in melanosarcoma, alkaptonuria and melanoma. The color of milk is inherent in such a disease as lipiduria.
Transparency
This indicator is also important in the analysis of general urine. Normally, urine is clear for the first few hours after collection.
The causes of cloudy urine doctors call the following pathological conditions:
- Cystitis, glomerulonephritis and other diseases of the urolithic type that involve the inclusion of red blood cells.
- The presence of a large number of leukocytes against the background of inflammatory pathologies.
- Detection of pathogenic microflora.
- Increased protein content in urine.
- Increase in the level of epithelial cells.
- S alt in the urine in large quantities.
Slight turbidity is allowed if it is a small amount of mucus or epithelial cells. The smell of urine in the normal state should be, as already mentioned, unsharp and non-specific. It is familiar to most people, however, it can change against the background of pathologies. Ammonia or putrid odor is characteristic of infectious diseases. Diabetic urine smells like rotten apples.
Urine specific gravity, acidity and pH
In the normal state, the reaction of urine is described as slightly acidic, and the pH level should fluctuate between 4, 8-7, 5.
Elevated urine pH may indicate certain urinary tract infections, as well as chronic kidney failure, increased parathyroid function, prolonged vomiting and hyperkalemia.
Lower pH indicates pathologies such as diabetes, tuberculosis, hypokalemia, dehydration, fever, etc.
Urine specific gravity normally has a wide range of 1.012-1.025. Specific gravity is derived from substances dissolved in the urine, including uric acid, s alts, creatinine, and urea.
Hyperstenuria is diagnosed when the relative density of urine exceeds 1.026. A similar pathological condition is characteristic of the following diseases:
- Increasing swelling.
- Nephrotic diseases.
- Diabetes mellitus.
- Toxicosis during gestation.
- Injection of contrast for x-ray examination.
Hyposthenuria involves a decrease in the specific gravity of urine below 1.018 and manifests itself in the following pathologies:
- Acute renal tubular injury.
- Diabetes insipidus type.
- Chronic kidney failure.
- Increased pressure in the arteries of a malignant nature.
- Taking certain types of diuretics.
- Plenty of fluids.
The relative gravity of urine shows the ability of the kidneys to concentrate and dilute this substance.
Protein and glucose
Normally, the protein content in urine should not exceed 0.033 g/l. An increase in this indicator may indicate a nephrotic disease, as well as an inflammatoryprocess and other pathological conditions. This condition is dangerous for a woman carrying a child, as her kidneys may fail, which will endanger the life and he alth of both the mother and the child. For this reason, doctors pay special attention to the protein in the urine of a pregnant woman.
Pathologies that can lead to an increase in protein content in urine are:
- Cold diseases.
- Pathologies of the urinary system.
- Kidney disease.
- Inflammatory diseases of the urinary system, including cystitis and vulvovaginitis.
All of the above ailments are accompanied by a significant increase in the protein content in the urine, which can reach 1 g/l or more.
Also, protein in the urine can be elevated as a response to cold exposure, as well as high-intensity exercise.
Urine glucose is also an important diagnostic indicator. In a he althy body, glucose should not be present in urine. Nevertheless, an increase in glucose to 0.8 mmol per liter is acceptable. Such a slight deviation does not indicate the presence of pathology.
If the concentration of sugar in urine exceeds the specified norm, the specialist concludes that the following diseases and conditions are present:
- Pancreatitis.
- Pregnancy.
- Cushing's syndrome.
- Eating lots of sugary foods.
The most common cause of high glucose levels in the urine is diabetes mellitus. This diagnosis can be confirmed byresults of a blood test for sugar.
Ketone bodies and epithelium
Ketone bodies are known to everyone under the name acetone or hydroxybutyric and acetoacetic acid. The reason why ketone bodies can appear in the composition of urine is the disturbances that occur in the metabolic system. There are also other medical conditions that can lead to ketone bodies, including:
- Diabetes mellitus.
- Alcohol intoxication.
- Acute pancreatitis.
- Injuries affecting the central nervous system.
- Acetemic vomiting in a child.
- Prolonged refusal to eat.
- The predominance of fatty and protein foods in the diet.
- Thyrotoxicosis, characterized by elevated levels of thyroid hormones.
- Cushing's disease.
Epithelial cells and casts
Such indicators of the general analysis of urine in women, like epithelial cells, are almost always found in urine during the study. They enter the urine during the act of urination, being removed from the mucous membrane of the urinary tract. The epithelium can be divided into transitional, squamous and renal depending on the origin of the cells. A significant increase in epithelial cells in the urine sediment indicates inflammatory diseases, as well as intoxication with s alts of heavy metals.
The cylinder is a protein that has curled up in the lumen of the tubules of the kidneys. In the daily urine of a person, single cylinders can be found in the field of view. In normalcondition, there are no casts in the urine and their appearance indicates cylindruria and is a sign of kidney damage. Casts can be granular, hyaline, pigmented, epithelial, etc.
Cylindruria may indicate the following pathological conditions:
- Kidney disease.
- Hepatitis of infectious origin.
- Scarlet fever.
- Systemic lupus erythematosus.
- Osteomyelitis.
Hemoglobin and bilirubin
A positive urine test for free-type hemoglobin or myoglobin indicates muscle necrosis as well as hemolysis of intrarenal, intravascular, or urinary-type red blood cells. In addition, the detection of myoglobin in urine indicates the following disorders:
- Intensive physical activity, including sports.
- Myocardial infarction.
- Myopathy in progressive form.
- Rhabdomyolysis.
Hemoglobin in urine indicates the presence of hemolytic anemia, sepsis, burns and severe intoxication.
The causes of the presence of bilirubin in urine may be the following pathologies:
- Hepatitis.
- Cirrhosis.
- Renal failure.
- Willenbrand disease.
- Cholelithiasis.
Also, extensive destruction of red blood cells can lead to bilirubin.
In a normal general urine test, women should not have red blood cells and a large number of white blood cells.
Erythrocytes and leukocytes
Physiological reasons for the appearance of red blood cells in the urine can be the use of certain drugs, as well as a long stay in an upright position, walking and increased physical activity. If physiological factors are excluded, the specialist concludes about the pathological causes of the appearance of red blood cells in urine.
An increase in the number of leukocytes in the field of view during the analysis indicates inflammatory diseases in the kidneys and urinary tract. In addition, sometimes we are talking about sterile leukocyturia, when there are no dysuria and bacteriuria in the urine.
Pathological conditions such as pyelonephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis, urethritis, cystitis, ureteral stones, systemic lupus erythematosus and tubulointerstitial nephritis can be causes of leukocyturia.
What does a urinalysis show in women, in addition to the items indicated?
Other impurities
Urine in the bladder and kidneys is normally sterile. When urinating, various microbes enter the liquid. The norm is 10,000 units per ml. Exceeding this indicator indicates an infectious disease of the urinary tract.
Candida, which causes thrush, can also pass from a woman's vagina into her urine. In this case, antifungal treatment is indicated.
The presence of mucus in the composition of urine may indicate an inflammatory process occurring in the genitourinary system in a chronic or acute form.
S alt in urine indicatesmetabolic disorders, beriberi, anemia, etc.
For all indicators to be correct, you should know how to properly take a general urine test for a woman.
Conclusion
Thus, this study is a reliable and effective way to test almost all systems and organs of the human body. The analysis is especially relevant for a woman during gestation, as it is an indicator of the normal functioning of the body of a pregnant woman. It is recommended to give urine for a general examination regularly even in the absence of signs of pathology.
We found out what the norms of a general urine test for women are.
