The air cyst of the lungs is pathological in nature - this formation appears due to changes in the functions of some organs. It implies a cavity in the lungs that is filled with liquid or air inside.
Its course can manifest itself in three directions (groups), which are already designated by specialists as separate forms: asymptomatic, severe and acute. A cyst can be detected only with the help of an x-ray, and cured - surgically. It is worth learning more about its course and treatment. After all, no one is immune from such a problem.
General information
Congenital lung cyst (according to ICD-10) code Q33.0. This formation is a cavity that is filled with a gas or liquid. Unlike an abscess - a similar disease for symptoms and signs - a cyst is not infectious in nature, since the formation appears as a result of a restructuring of the body. They can appear due to many factors, so it is impossible to single out the signs that are observed in all patients. Butthe cavity is easy to see on an x-ray that was prescribed by a doctor after a preventive examination.
The cyst of the right lung (as well as the left) can manifest itself in both adults and children. However, among all cases of diseases of the respiratory system, it is no more than 5%. Interestingly, despite its small percentage, the disease can be fatal, which will be associated with lack of air.
Cure a cyst can be surgically. Nowadays, there are many hospitals that have a sufficient level, which allows you to cure the disease without resorting to foreign doctors. Medications are combined with surgery.
Classification
Lung cysts are divided into three categories: congenital, acquired and dysontogenetic. This division is connected with the origin of education.
Congenital
As a rule, a congenital cyst is present only in newborns who have developed the disease in the antenatal period. Therefore, the child is already born with it.
A lung cyst in a child can mean both a mild form and a complex one. In the course of a complex form, diseases such as a congenital giant cyst, lung hypoplasia, as well as a third (extra or additional) small lung may appear. All non-surgical options will be fatal.
Acquired cyst
Acquired cyst can form both in young people and in the elderly, as it appears as a result of mechanical damageorgans whose functions are associated with the lungs. The result of an acquired cyst can be a "melting lung", bullous emphysema, tuberculous cavities, and so on.
Dysontogenetic
The dysontogenetic cyst has a congenital character, but differs from the first type in that it does not appear immediately after birth, but after an indefinite period - it can occur both in childhood and in old age.
The essence of this type is that the disease is formed in the womb due to physical, internal or mechanical pathologies, however, at birth, doctors will not be able to notice it, since the formation seems to be hidden from the X-ray by a reliable dense film, which is restrains the spread and increase of the cyst throughout the lung. However, there comes a period when the film begins to become thin. It is at that moment that the formation becomes visible and develops into an obvious disease, which is most often fatal.
True and False
Based on morphological abilities, specialists usually divide cysts into false or true.
A true cyst differs from a false one in that it is always congenital. Its outer shell is represented by connective tissue with elements of the bronchial wall. The inner layer of a true lung cyst is formed by an epithelial lining of cuboidal and cylindrical epithelium cells that produce a mucous secret, or alveolar epithelium. False cysts are acquired in nature. In their wall there are no structural elements of the bronchi and mucous membranes.
Other categories
Besides this, there are several more categories by which it is customary to distinguish types of cysts:
- For the number of cavities: single, multiple.
- Behind the communication with the bronchi: open, closed.
- Behind the type of content: airy, filled.
- For size: small, medium, large.
- For the course of the disease: complicated, uncomplicated.
Reasons for education
Many people think that a cyst can form from the fact that a person smokes or leads an unhe althy lifestyle. This is not always true - the real reason has nothing to do with the person's lifestyle.
Congenital and dysontogenetic cysts appear during the period of embryonic development (inside the mother). This is due to the fact that during the formation of organs, intrauterine disorders occurred, which included agenesis of the alveoli, expansion of the terminal bronchioles, or a delay in the formation of peripheral bronchi. Pulmonary cysts may be a structural component of such congenital anomalies as cystic hypoplasia, congenital lobar emphysema, McLeod's syndrome and several others.
Acquired cysts are more common than congenital ones, as they form on the background or after serious illnesses. So, depending on the disease, formations can be parasitic, infectious or nonspecific (for example, post-traumatic, post-inflammatory) in nature. Such conditions are most often provoked by serious diseases. So, cysts of parasitic and infectious genesis are formedafter tuberculosis, syphilis, echinococcosis and other diseases of a similar nature. A cyst of a nonspecific type develops as a result of inflammatory and destructive processes. It can be various pneumonia, any kind of injury, abscess or bacterial destruction of the lung, and so on.
Symptoms
Most often, doctors can't see a cyst because it's too small or uncomplicated. This means that it does not have any symptoms and develops without affecting other organs.
If we talk about large cysts, they almost always have a complicated character. It was then that the first symptoms appear, thanks to which the doctor prescribes an x-ray and detects pathology in the lungs. This is due to the fact that with an increase in size, the cyst begins to put pressure on neighboring alveoli or bronchi (if open), as a result of which clinical signs appear. For example, pain, cough, shortness of breath or even dysphagia. The nature of the lung cyst can be clearly recognized on CT.
If we talk about why the cyst begins to grow, then this happens under the influence of another disease. For example, pneumonia. As a rule, the formation can increase even from a simple flu, since it is associated with the lungs (cough), and under the influence of air and an increase or decrease in the lung, the cavity stretches and leaves its shape without returning it back.
As the pathological process proceeds, the cyst may begin to fester. Then a person can be internally poisoned due to intoxication, which will come fromlungs. As a rule, this will be seen by constant fatigue, anorexia may appear. But usually people do not pay attention to this, especially women - they associate fatigue with work, and they even rejoice from weight loss (what kind of woman would be sad from such an event). Therefore, a cyst of this nature is found at the last stage, when purulent mucus and even blood begin to come out with a cough. Here it is already important not to confuse it with tuberculosis, and for this you need to see a doctor.
There are situations when a cyst overflowing with pus bursts and, together with a cough, all the pus that has accumulated comes out. In this case, it is no longer accompanied by mucus and most often has a nasty smell. In this case, the sick person begins to rejoice at this, as the condition of the body improves, fatigue passes, weight returns, and so on. But this situation negatively affects the entire body, because due to the breakthrough and entry of pus into the lungs, serious illnesses can form, for example, diffuse pneumofibrosis. As a rule, it has a relapsing character, like all other diseases that may appear after a breakthrough in education.
If, when the cavity ruptured, pus filled the lungs very quickly and the person did not have time to cough it up, diseases such as pneumothorax, pleurisy or pyothorax, pleural empyema may appear. In this case, the person will feel pain in the chest (aching or constant), shortness of breath, cough, and tachycardia may develop.
Treatment of a cyst in the lungs
All types of cysts are removed from the body onlysurgically. But this does not mean that you can wait until it develops into a complicated stage. The smaller the neoplasm, the easier it will be to remove. If a person has waited for the acute stage, then the operation of the lung cyst will be emergency, because at any moment a fatal outcome can occur due to lack of air, a breakthrough of the cyst (rapid outflow of pus) and so on.
The operation itself can be performed in two ways: using videothoracoscopy or by conventional thoracotomy. But recently, people, fortunately, do not bring their situation to an acute stage, and doctors only use lobectomy.
If the cavity is completely clogged with pus, then the cyst is cleaned before the operation. But if a person has a parallel pneumothorax, then the cavity is urgently drained, after which the patient undergoes a course of therapy with antibiotics. If the cyst becomes tense (increased) during a complication, then urgent drainage and puncture occurs using ultrasound, as this can lead to respiratory failure, and subsequently to death.
In any case, an uncomplicated cyst is easily removed from the body. An operation with a complicated formation will completely depend on what kind of complication is in the body and how long has passed since the cyst began to enlarge. It also depends on whether an emergency operation will take place, with drainage or a simple, planned one.
Medical therapy plays an important role in the treatment of cysts. Antibiotics (carbapenems, aminoglycosides,fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins) are administered both intravenously and endobronchially (for example, during sanitation bronchoscopy), and even intrapleurally (for example, during therapeutic punctures or flow-wash drainage of the pleural cavity). Immunomodulatory therapy involves the introduction of gamma globulins, hyperimmune plasma, immunomodulators, etc. Also, do not forget about physiotherapy.
Fatalities
If an operation to remove a lung cyst was performed at an acute stage, then there is a chance that a person will die from heart failure, bleeding, or even after surgery. All this will depend, first of all, on how much the cyst has managed to develop, and on how strong the body is. The disease ends in death only in five to ten percent of all cases.
Rehab
If we talk about rehabilitation after treatment of a lung cyst, then in any case, the patient will undergo a course of recovery. After a complicated cyst, antibiotics will still be prescribed, and the person will be left in the hospital for a long time to observe how the area of \u200b\u200bthe lungs where the cavity was healed. Also, after this type of cyst, the patient will be required to do an examination by a pulmonologist every year - this will help prevent the development and formation of many diseases associated primarily with the lungs. In many cases, the person will need to apply for a disability and receive regular treatment.
The operated patient should lead a he althy lifestyle: give up bad habits, eat right,exercise, walk outdoors more often, get enough sleep.
