In pathological physiology, the norm is the correspondence of the dynamics of indicators in the field of morphology, biochemistry and functionality of the human body. All of them can change depending on the quality of the environment. Under normal conditions, the biological system is perfectly adaptable to almost any conditions, which means its full viability.
Optimal biotype system workflow means maximum protection with minimum energy consumption. The state of the body can always be determined based on such an aspect as the rate of reactions.
The difference between the norm of reactions and pathology
The possible range of variability of genetic traits, which directly depends on the environment, is what the reaction rate is. Pathology is considered a condition with an insufficient or excessive degree of response at the biological level. The rate of reactions may be different.
The difficulty in defining these concepts is the frequent variability of functional and metabolic indicators - it depends on the physical condition of a person. It should be noted that during the development of the pathological process, reactions of damage and protection always appear. There arecases when these signs reincarnate into each other. Everyone knows that he alth is a state of well-being from a physical, psychological and financial point of view, and not just the absence of disease or an external defect. Many tests and vaccinations make it possible to give an accurate assessment of the state of the human body. The reaction rate is an important component of the diagnosis.
What is the Pirquet test for (Mantoux reaction)
All children are given a "button" right after the first year of life, then everyone goes through this procedure at school. The sample is taken to check the human body for the presence of tubercle bacillus. The Mantoux reaction is determined by the size of the inflammation at the injection site. On the skin immediately after the test, you can see a slight irritation - this is a specific reaction to a tuberculin injection. This process is caused by the protective actions of T-lymphocytes - it is these blood particles that are responsible for immunity at the cellular level. The essence of the test is that the introduced microbacteria act as a magnet for beneficial microorganisms, moving them closer to the skin. Most often, only lymphocytes "familiar" with the tuberculosis component of the vaccine react to tuberculin. In the presence of Koch's sticks in the body, the reaction will be intense. Accordingly, in this case, the test has a positive result.
Test Accuracy
Inflammation from the introduction of tuberculin is considered a kind of allergic process. It should be noted that a positive test result is not proofthe presence of the disease - it is recommended to conduct more detailed studies, for example, fluorography and sputum culture. Only after receiving all the necessary data, doctors can make an accurate diagnosis.
The rate of reactions in children and adults to the Pirquet test is significantly different in size. It is also important to note that older generations rarely pass this TB test.
Mantoux reaction: the norm in an adult
Before prescribing a Pirquet test, a specialist conducts a preliminary examination. If signs of the disease are detected, this procedure can be performed as a diagnosis for an adult, but most often specialists use x-rays.
A variety of Mantoux reactions are possible. The norm in an adult is a papule, the size of which does not exceed 21 mm. The test is used to identify infected patients, but not patients. It is known that an adult can acquire tuberculosis with Mantoux persistence, so fluorography is considered a more effective way to determine.
Heredity
Several factors can change under the influence of the environment. For a particular organism, a different norm of the reaction of a trait is possible, but it never goes beyond the limits of the norm. For example, height, weight and physical strength may depend on a quality diet, and rabbit coat color is inherited. In other words, organisms do not inherit certain qualities, but the ability to exhibit certain properties under various conditions. From generation togeneration shifts the rate of symptom reaction.
Modification type variability
The broad reaction rate is quantitative traits that are controlled by polygenes (weight, milk quality, skin pigmentation). The area of variability can be varied. The narrow rate of reaction characterizes other properties and is modified very weakly (blood type or eye color).
Possible urine reaction
The main factor in the pathology is low or high acidity (pH). The norm of the urinary environment is observed when eating the right food. In this case, the reaction is considered neutral (pH=7) or slightly acidic (pH varies from 5 to 7). These indicators are used to study adults and children who eat mixed food. All breastfed babies are neutral or alkaline in reaction. Acidity directly depends on food. With an alkaline reaction, it can be concluded that the consumption of a large amount of vegetables, soda or bread. Increased acidity occurs after taking protein and fatty foods, white bread, and also due to long abstinence from food. A different reaction of urine is possible, while the norm also changes.
Urine density
This moment is also of no small importance during the examination. A person is considered he althy if the indicators range from 1003 to 1028 units. In this case, the acceptable rate of reaction is the values from 1001 to 1040. The changes are influenced by proper nutrition and the use of sufficientamount of water. The increase in indicators depends on the use of meat, potency, vomiting or diarrhea. Decrease in density may be due to vegetarianism.
Importance of organic matter in urine
These microorganisms are characteristic of the variability of the norm. A urinalysis gives doctors a complete picture of the required amount of organic matter. Most often, components such as:
- protein;
- bilirubin;
- amount of glucose;
- urobilin;
- bile-type acids (pigments);
- indican;
- ketone bodies.
These biological elements can be defined in various ways. Today, automatic type analyzers and test strips are most commonly used. The first type is able to immediately indicate the concentration of biological substances, and the second method is used only for screening purposes and provides a response in the form "there is / is not an organic structure in the urine." The norm when taking an analysis from a he althy person can be protein (0.03 grams) or urobilinogen (6-10 micromoles per day). All other substances listed above are absent in the urine, otherwise this indicates the presence of the disease. There are always exceptions, for example, a strong load, hypothermia or overheating, excessive emotions - all this easily provokes an increase in protein up to 3-5 g, but also indicates that the urine reaction is normal. An increase in the level of this element can still be due to a largenumber of red blood cells, bacteria, or white blood cells.
Urine sediment
When the stage of determining the physical properties of the taken material and the presence of organic substances in it is completed, the liquid is processed in a special centrifuge. The resulting precipitate is examined in the laboratory under a microscope. This process helps to determine the exact amount of the following biological substances: leukocytes, erythrocytes, cylinders, epithelium, s alt crystals, mucus, bacteria.
Information on organic matter in urine sediment
General analysis gives a complete picture of the content of various elements in the body, by the amount of which it is easy to determine the presence of a particular disease.
Leukocytes
The generally accepted norm of leukocytes in a he althy person is:
- 0-3 - for men;
- 0-5 - for women.
If a significant increase in these organic elements is observed in the analysis of urine, we can confidently state the presence of an inflammatory process in the human body.
Erythrocytes
In the absence of disease, the elements are not observed in the resulting sediment or there are units of cells. It is worth noting that there are pathological and physiological causes of these substances. The first option is associated with a disease of the genitourinary system. Physiological reasons are: excessive physical activity; long standing state; taking sulfonamides or anticoagulants. Such options mean fluctuationsnorms and do not always indicate the presence of diseases.
Cylinders
These substances have the following types:
- hyaline;
- grainy;
- waxy;
- epithelial;
- leukocyte;
- RBC.
All of the above elements, except for the first, must be absent in the urinary sediment. Hyaline-type cylinders can occur in a he althy person under the influence of:
- cold water (shower, douche, etc.);
- physical process;
- surge;
- working at high temperatures (hot types of production, hot weather outside).
In these cases, the detected substances are not considered pathological, but are in the nature of ordinary fluctuations, in which case the concept of "reaction rate" is also applicable.
Epithelium
The norm in the urinary sediment is the presence of single cells, usually this number is equal to three. The following data types of biological substances are distinguished:
- flat urethral (urogenital canal);
- transitional, located in the kidneys, ureters and bladder;
- renal.
In the absence of basic hygiene measures, a woman may experience an increased level of squamous epithelium. Most often, an increase in the number of cells indicates the presence of pathology. The appearance of a renal type of epithelium may indicate a disease.
Slime
The norm of mucus content in he althy people is its fullabsence. The appearance of an element means the presence of a pathology in the organs of the urinary system.
Bacteria
In the urinary sediment of a he althy person, the norm is the absence of bacteria, the appearance of which is possible only during infectious and inflammatory processes in the reproductive system.
S alts in analysis
The following types of biological substances are isolated in urine sediment: oxalates, urates, trippelphosphates. The appearance of crystals in the analysis may depend on changes in the diet or on the acidity of the material taken, the amount of liquid consumed, and much more. For example, a large amount of fresh tomatoes in food leads to the formation of oxalates in the urine. The frequent use of chocolate, wine (red) and meat leads to the appearance of urates. Some s alt crystals precipitate only in an acidic environment, while there are elements that occur exclusively in an alkaline one. From this it follows that the change in acidity in the urinary environment is the starting point for the crystallization of s alts. Before that, they were completely dissolved and were not identified in the analysis.
After reading this material, you can confidently answer the question of what the reaction rate is.
