Hemorrhagic diathesis - a set of diseases characterized by the appearance of a tendency to increased bleeding and bleeding. Such a pathological condition can occur both in children and in adults. There are many reasons for the development of this disease, so the diagnosis must be correct and differentiated.
Reasons for appearance
Before considering the classification of hemorrhagic diathesis and clinical recommendations for their treatment, it is necessary to understand why such pathological conditions develop. The reasons may be as follows:
- Hereditary predisposition.
- Wrong structure of the vascular system.
- Insufficient functioning of the blood clotting system.
- Infectious pathologies.
- Diabetes mellitus or other systemic diseases affecting the blood vessels.
- Platelet deficiency.
- Damage to the walls of blood vesselsdue to intoxication of the body.
- Improper or irrational diet.
- Leukemia.
- Chronic pathologies of the kidneys and liver.
- Sepsis, meningitis.
- Malignant tumors.
- Violation of the functionality of the immune system.
- Long-term use of anticoagulants.
- Vitamin C deficiency, K.
- Severe allergic reaction.
Whatever the cause of hemorrhagic diathesis, it must be accurately identified and eliminated. Otherwise, serious complications are possible.
Disease classification
Hemorrhagic diathesis can be classified as follows:
- Thrombocytopathies. These types of disease develop as a result of platelet dysfunction.
- Thrombocytopenia. In this case, the problem is a decrease in the concentration of platelets in the blood.
- Angiopathies. Bleeding occurs due to non-traumatic vascular injury.
- Thrombocytosthenia. In this case, the disease appears as a result of damage to blood clots, which are formed due to mutations in genes, malfunctioning of the immune system, and the influence of toxic substances.
- Hemophilia. The bleeding process triggers a violation of plasma coagulation factors.
Pathology often develops due to the high activity of fibrinolysis, during which platelets and blood clots dissolve too quickly. DIC is considered the most severe condition. It is characterized by the formation of blood clots in all vessels of the body. This type of hemorrhagic diathesis is life-threatening andrequires immediate medical attention.
Symptoms of pathology
If the body is he althy, then the walls of the vessels should be partially permeable to soluble substances and gases. However, blood elements should not pass through them. With pathological damage to blood vessels, the situation changes radically. There are such symptoms of hemorrhagic diathesis:
- Small blue spots on the skin that look like bruises.
- Red rash on ankles, outer thighs, forearms.
- Bouts of vomiting. At the same time, blood is present in the vomit.
- The appearance of necrotic areas, sores on the surface of the skin.
- Pain in the abdomen.
Depending on what causes of hemorrhagic diathesis are present in the patient, non-specific symptoms of the pathology are also distinguished:
- General weakness, disability, trouble concentrating.
- Frequent dizziness, fainting.
- Increased heart rate.
- Change in the tone of the skin: they become pale.
- Deterioration of resistance to physical and emotional stress.
- Pain in the joints.
- Tinnitus or flies before the eyes.
If there are such symptoms, it is necessary to consult a doctor and determine the type of pathology, according to the classification of hemorrhagic diathesis.
Diagnostic features
In order to correctly prescribe the treatment of the disease, the diagnosis of hemorrhagic diathesis is carried out. It includes:
- Fixation of symptoms, as well as taking an anamnesis.
- Pinch the skin, as well as determining its reaction to pressure.
- Coagulogram.
- Immunological test.
- Research of blood serum.
- Coagulation test.
The patient definitely needs to consult not only a therapist, but also a hematologist.
Additional research methods
If these studies did not give a complete picture of the pathology, then the diagnosis of hematological diathesis involves the use of additional methods:
- Complete urinalysis.
- Iliac aspiration.
- Ultrasound of the kidneys and liver.
- X-ray examination of the joints.
- Functional test for capillary strength.
- Trepanobiopsy.
- Sternal puncture.
Thanks to such analyzes, specialists can accurately determine the type of pathology, severity, and also "build" a treatment strategy.
Types of bleeding
Hemorrhagic diathesis in adults is less common than in children. According to the type of bleeding, the disease can be divided into:
- Angiomatous. At the same time, purple stars (deformed vessels) are visible on the skin.
- Hematoma. This type is characterized by the formation of small cavities, inside which there is blood. The person often bleeds profusely. This type can behemophilia.
- Vasculitis purple. Here, small compacted spots of a purple hue protrude above the surface of the mucous membranes and skin. They are clots of clotted blood.
- Microcirculatory. In this case, superficial hemorrhage is found under the skin. It looks like a spot that does not protrude above the surface. The shade and size of such a hemorrhage may vary.
- Mixed.
Depending on the type of bleeding, the type of disease and the tactics of its treatment are determined.
Features of the manifestation of the disease in children
Hemorrhagic diathesis in children is most often hereditary. Its symptoms are:
- Unexplained nosebleeds.
- Hemorrhagic rash.
- Gum bleeding at an early age during baby teething.
- Pain in the joints, their deformities.
- Presence of blood clots in feces.
- Retinal hemorrhage.
In newborn babies, pathology manifests itself from the 2nd day of life. Additionally, they have bleeding from the umbilical wound. Seeing such symptoms, doctors should immediately take measures to save the child's life.
Conservative Therapy
Regardless of whether children are diagnosed with hemorrhagic diathesis or adults, it must be de alt with.
Treatment involves the use of these drugs:
- Vitamin complexes. It is better to choose preparations containing vitamin C, K, R.
- Drugs that improve vascular elasticity.
- Means to improve the function of blood clotting ("Heparin").
- Hemostatic drugs.
- Glucocorticosteroids ("Prednisolone)". They are prescribed with a decrease in the level of platelet mass. The duration of therapy sometimes reaches 4 months.
A tourniquet or tight bandage is needed to stop the bleeding in an emergency. Sometimes cavities are packed and ice is applied to the site of bleeding.
In addition, transfusion therapy is prescribed. Depending on the severity of the pathology, the patient is transfused with plasma containing all clotting factors, erythrocyte or platelet mass.
Surgical treatment
Treatment of hemorrhagic diathesis can be not only conservative, but also operational. There are such types of surgical interventions:
- Removal of the spleen. This procedure will increase the life span of blood cells. This type of operation is necessary for significant uncontrolled bleeding.
- Puncture of the affected joints in order to remove the internal contents. Sometimes the joint has to be replaced with a prosthesis (if irreversible changes, deformations have occurred).
- Removal of affected blood vessels. If necessary, prostheses are installed instead.
Surgery is required only inlast resort. If the therapy of the disease is started on time, then the operation will not be needed.
Will alternative treatment help?
In addition to medicines, folk remedies are used to treat this disease. They help to strengthen blood vessels, improve blood formula, increase immunity. However, the use of any decoctions or infusions requires prior approval from the attending physician.
The following recipes will be useful:
- In equal proportions, you should take yarrow, chistets, knotweed, cuff and strawberry leaves, nettle. Further, 8 g of the collection is poured into 400 ml of boiling water, infused for 15 minutes. After that, the liquid must be filtered and consumed 100 ml three times a day after meals.
- Chamomile oil. You can buy it at a pharmacy. It is enough to use 1 tbsp. l. funds per day to replenish the supply of vitamin K in the body. The oil also restores the intestinal microflora.
- White yasnotka. This herb is used to make tea. You need 1 tsp. pour dry raw materials into a cup and pour boiling water over it. To improve the taste of the liquid, you can add honey to it. For a good effect, you need to drink 3-4 cups of this drink a day.
- To control the blood coagulation system in hemophilia, the following herbs are used: corn stigmas (100 g), string (50 g), shepherd's purse (50 g), intoxicating hareslip (100 g), agrimony (100 g), viburnum flowers (50 g), hawk grass (50 g). 1 st. l. of the indicated collection, pour 350 ml of boiling water and cook for 10 minutes over low heat. Next, the liquid must be cooled and consumed the entire volume in threereception. It is recommended to drink the medicine after meals. The course of therapy lasts until the onset of complete remission.
- In equal proportions take St. John's wort, yasnotka, yarrow, alder, blackberry leaves and chamomile flowers, after that the mixture is poured with boiling water (200 ml of boiling water is needed for 4 g of the mixture). You need to infuse the decoction for 3 hours. Drink the remedy 1/3 cup 4 times a day after meals.
Basically, the course of therapy lasts 2 months, after which a break is made for 14 days. It repeats if necessary.
Folk remedies cannot be considered suitable for monotherapy. With their help, completely get rid of the disease will not work. It is also impossible to refuse medications, since the life of the patient often depends on them. However, in combination, medicinal and folk remedies will give a good result and improve the quality of human life.
Possible Complications
Hemorrhagic diathesis is a serious pathology that can lead to the following complications:
- Chronic iron deficiency anemia.
- Numbness and paralysis of limbs and other parts of the body.
- Significant weakening of the immune system.
- HIV infection, hepatitis virus (with frequent transfusion of blood or serum components).
- Disease of the joints, which leads to their immobilization.
- Internal bleeding to various parts of the brain.
If the bleeding cannot be controlled, then the pathology often ends in death.
Prevention
Prevention of hemorrhagic diathesis provides for compliance with the following recommendations:
- Periodically take blood tests and undergo a scheduled dispensary examination.
- Carefully plan pregnancy with a preliminary visit to a geneticist.
- Give up alcohol and tobacco, as bad habits negatively affect the blood and blood vessels.
- Eat well.
- Use any medication as prescribed by a doctor, observing the correct dosage.
- Avoid damage to large vessels, as well as prolonged immobilization.
To prevent pathology, it is important to avoid traumatic brain injuries. If the diathesis was provoked by a gene mutation, then the patient will have to follow the above recommendations for the rest of his life.
Lifestyle
The congenital form of the disease can have both a positive and a negative prognosis. It all depends on the severity of the disease, the features of the functionality of the hematopoietic and coagulation systems.
When making such a diagnosis, a person must be registered at the hematology center and be under observation. Periodically, the patient is required to donate blood for tests and take drugs prescribed by specialists. When carrying out potentially dangerous manipulations, he must inform the medical staff.
Relatives and relatives of the patient must know how to provide first aid in case of emergency. If all the recommendations of doctors are followed, the prognosis for most patients with such a disease is favorable.
