Urine analysis provides information about the state of the whole organism and each organ separately. So the early stage of the disease is detected, and the diagnosis is also specified. For timely and effective treatment, you need to know how urine biochemistry is performed correctly. In addition, knowledge of deciphering its indicators will be required. It may be necessary for the patient himself. But basically the decoding is needed by the attending physician.
How is urine collected?
Most often, daily urine biochemistry is performed - that is, urine collected in the morning on an empty stomach is analyzed.
One day before the study, alcoholic beverages are completely excluded from the diet, fatty foods, spicy and sweet foods. Foods that can color urine are not recommended. This includes asparagus, beets, blueberries, rhubarb. The liquid can be consumed in the same quantities.
No drugs
Stop taking uroseptics andantibiotics a day before passing urine for analysis. If the patient is taking any vitamin complexes or any other medications, the doctor should be informed about this. Then it will be possible to decipher the results more accurately. Indicators can change under the influence of certain means, you need to be aware of this. As a result, the diagnosis will be incorrect, and subsequent treatment will also be ineffective.
On intimate hygiene
Urine biochemistry is not performed during menstruation in women. But if it is still necessary, then you need to use a tampon.
Intimate hygiene must be observed without fail before passing urine. It is better not to use antibacterial and disinfectant preparations, but to use ordinary soap and warm water. This will also contribute to the correct results when decrypting. The biochemistry of blood and urine is always carried out together.
It is necessary to use a special disposable container to collect urine. It can be bought at any pharmacy. So you can avoid unnecessary searches for clean containers. But in the absence of the opportunity to buy anything, an ordinary small glass jar will do. It must be thoroughly washed with soda and hot water, then poured over with boiling water. The container should be tightly closed.
Then the biochemistry of urine will be informative. How to collect it correctly?
Roberg's test involves collecting urine throughout the day. The time of the first collection is noted, the last one is held after 24 hours.
Store urine beforehand over, you need to in a dark room, it should be cool there.
Biochemistry of urine - transcript
Deciphering the urine test is determined by the following indicators:
- The amount of urine excreted per day. This is how kidney disease or heavy metal poisoning is defined.
- The consistency of the fluid, indicating that there are pathologies in the excretory system.
- The presence of potassium, which determines hormonal disruptions.
- The quantitative content of chlorine, calcium and sodium, which can be used to detect metabolic disorders in the body, diabetes, kidney disease.
- The presence of protein as evidence of inflammation.
- The presence of uric acid - this means that the activity of the joints is impaired, for example, there is gout or arthrosis.
- A sharp fluctuation in the level of cholinesterase, indicating that the liver is not coping with its functions.
Only a doctor can correctly decipher the analysis and subsequently determine the probable diseases. What can influence the result? It completely depends not only on the content of certain substances in the material provided for research, but also on gender, age, current state and preliminary analysis. Biochemistry of urine is very informative.
Key indicators
The patient himself can, with the help of some indicators in the analysis, determine whether he needs treatment or not. We present these figures below.
- Definitionthe enzyme amylase, which is produced by the pancreas and the salivary glands. It is excreted by the kidneys. With the help of this indicator, the protein substance is broken down. Its norm in the urine is 10-1240 units / l. If the level is greatly exceeded, then the functions of the pancreas may be impaired, and the parotid salivary glands may also have certain problems.
- Total protein content in urine. With the help of this analysis, the presence of all proteins present in the body is determined. A value of 0-0.033 g/l is considered normal. If it is more, then this may indicate allergic reactions, chronic infections in the urinary tract, kidneys, reproductive system, autoimmune diseases, myeloma, diabetes mellitus.
- When determining the level of glucose, it is revealed how correctly carbohydrate metabolism is carried out. The norm in the urine of glucose is 0.03-0.05 g / l. In diabetes and kidney disease, levels may increase to varying degrees.
- The optimal level of uric acid is 0.4-1.0 g per day, there may be gout or other joint diseases with an increase in this indicator.
Urea
What else does a urine biochemistry test reveal?
It is necessary to determine not only general indicators, but also additional ones. They can also tell a lot about the presence of a disease in a person, and it is so easy to identify even an early stage of the disease. The effectiveness of therapy depends on this.
As a result of protein metabolism, urea is formed in the body. Normally, it should be no more than 333-586 mmol per day. Butat a high concentration of this indicator, proteins are most likely to break down in the body. This happens during fasting or due to the intake of glucocorticoids. A low level of urea indicates that there is acute and chronic kidney failure and there is a violation of the liver.
Therefore, urine biochemistry is carried out. The rate depends on the age of the patient. More on that later.
Creatinine and microalbumin
When creatine phosphate breaks down, creatinine is released. It is directly involved in the functions of muscle tissues. The filtration work of the kidneys is impaired with a reduced level of this substance in the urine. A person develops glomerulonephritis and chronic pyelonephritis.
The blood plasma protein microalbumin, which leaves the body with urine, also has an informative value. Normally, it should be 3.0-4.24 mmol per day in the urine. If this indicator is exceeded, this indicates that the kidneys are working with disorders. This can be affected by diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the early stages.
Other ingredients
Phosphorus is an essential substance that forms bone tissue and most cells. Its norm in the urine is 0.4-1.4 g per day. If there are deviations from these indicators in one direction or another, the activity of the kidneys is most likely impaired, there are problems with the bone tissue.
Potassium is another important element, age and diet affect its content in the urine. When urine biochemistry is performed in children, a lower amount of potassium is detected than in an adult. To the doctor beforeanalysis, you need to talk about your diet and daily routine. The normal indicator will be 38.3-81.7 mmol per day. If there are deviations, then the work of the adrenal glands and kidneys is disrupted, and there is also intoxication of the body.
The role of magnesium in the body is great. It is involved in the structure of cells and the activation of enzymes. 3, 0-4, 24 mmol per day is the norm. The nervous, cardiovascular and urinary systems suffer from deviations from the optimal level.
Normal sodium should be present in the urine in an amount of 100 to 255 mmol per day. Age, sodium intake, and fluid balance affect sodium levels. A decrease or increase occurs with diabetes mellitus, diseases of the kidneys and adrenal glands, traumatic brain injury.
Urine biochemistry can also determine the level of calcium in the body. It is the main building block for bone tissue. Takes part in muscle work and joint functions. Responsible for the secretion of hormones and blood clotting. The following diseases are associated with an increase in calcium in the urine: myeloma, acromegaly, osteoparosis, hyperparathyroidism. Malignant diseases of bone tissue, rickets, nephrosis lead to a decrease in its level.
Urine color
The color of urine can indicate the presence of disease. Dark yellow happens with dehydration. Colorless urine in patients with diabetes mellitus, with kidney pathology. Black color occurs with melanoma. Urine may also be red. This happens with the following diseases:
- glomerulonephritis;
- the appearance of kidney stones;
- bladder or kidney cancer;
- hemoglobinuria;
- hemophilia;
- bruises of the lumbar or genital organs.
Dark urine occurs in diseases:
- increase in the number of urochromats, which give a dark color as a result of dehydration;
- consumption of quinine, rifampicin, nitrofurantoin and metronidazole;
- additional or enhanced intake of vitamins C and B;
- cholelithiasis complicated by hepatitis;
- exceeding the normal number of red blood cells;
- mercury vapor poisoning;
- tyrosinemia;
- urinary tract infection;
- urinary cancer;
- stones in the gallbladder;
- kidney disease, including kidney stones and cancers;
- hemochromatosis due to excess iron;
- polycystic;
- liver and pancreas cancer;
- vasculitis;
- alcoholic and viral hepatitis;
- glomerulonephritis;
- bile duct cancer;
- Goodpasture syndrome;
- dietary factors;
- schistosomiasis.
