Sooner or later, any person has to donate blood for biochemistry. The norms and interpretation of the results are curious for everyone who receives the results of the screening, because this is how you can assess how good your he alth is. It is better to entrust the reading of the results to a specialist with a medical education. However, at least out of simple curiosity, it will not be superfluous to figure out the information on your own, having learned what is hidden under the ciphers, codes and abbreviations that can be seen in the transcript accompanying the biochemistry analysis, which values are considered normal, which ones go beyond the standard limits.
What is it about?
To take tests for blood biochemistry, the decoding and norm of indicators of which are so interesting to many, sooner or later almost everyone has to. Biochemical screening is a modern research technique aimed at clarifying the diagnosis and selecting the appropriate therapeutic course. In addition to general practice, such tests are prescribedrheumatologists, gastroenterologists, other specialists in narrow medical fields. It is believed that biochemical research provides maximum accurate information about the functionality of various systems and organs of the human body.
The client receives the results of the study on average a day after the donation of blood samples. The documentation contains numerical indicators of the concentration of various compounds in the circulatory system. In a biochemistry study, deciphering the results is the responsibility of a qualified doctor. Usually, the physician who referred the patient for the study is responsible for reading the results. It is not easy to navigate in the abundance of information on your own. Many medical institutions, when issuing screening results to the customer, attach brief instructions for deciphering biochemistry to it, indicating the relationship between codes and substances observed in the blood. Often, the norms for the content of various compounds are written here.
Glucose
Often the main purpose of screening is to check the concentration of sugars in the patient's circulatory system. The presence of glucose reflects the quality of carbohydrate metabolism. Normal parameters are within 5.5 mmol / l, while not less than 3.3 units. If the indicator is persistently higher than normal, the person probably has diabetes. An increase is observed in Cushing's syndrome and may signal excessive physical activity, regularly observed in a person's life. A possible explanation for the phenomenon is thyrotoxicosis. An increase in the concentration of sugars accompanies pheochromocytoma and pathological processes localized inglands of the endocrine system. With a low glucose concentration, the decoding contains an indication of an insulin overdose. The cause of the condition may be severe poisoning and insufficiency of the endocrine glands. The condition is possible with severe hepatic lesions.
Glucose: features
Hyperglycemia is a term that hides an excess of glucose in the circulatory system. This condition accompanies sepsis and severe stressful situations. It may indicate an injury or severe pathology, sometimes it is fixed when the balance of hormonal compounds in the body is disturbed. If there is a suspicion of tumor processes in the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, it is necessary to prescribe to the patient a blood test intended to determine biochemistry parameters. Deciphering in adults and children may indicate an increase in sugars - this is one of the factors confirming the preliminary diagnosis.
Hypoglycemia is diagnosed when the sugar content drops below normal. Most often, it is fixed with excessive use of insulin and drugs aimed at lowering the concentration of sugars in the blood - such are used by people with diabetic diseases. A decrease in the content of sugars is fixed when the body is depleted. This may be due to starvation. Often hypoglycemia with insufficiency of the adrenal glands, pathologies of the pituitary gland. Hypoglycemia is one of the phenomena accompanying tumor processes in the pancreas. Sugar is reduced due to excessive drinking. Hypoglycemia is considered much more dangerous to human life than hyperglycemia.
Pigments
No less important is the content of pigments, also detected during the analysis of blood biochemistry. The doctor who sent for research will tell about the norm and interpretation of the results. Screening determines how much in common, direct bilirubin. For the general standard indicators will be in the range of 3.4–17.1 units. If there is a significant sharp deviation from the average, liver disease can be suspected. Cirrhosis, hepatitis can provoke a change, although sometimes we are talking about rarer pathologies. A change in the concentration of total bilirubin is observed in jaundice, liver cancer, poisoning, and the formation of stones in the gallbladder. Changes detected by screening may indicate a lack of vitamin B12.
Direct bilirubin standard - 0-7.9 µmol/l. If the results of the analysis show a large figure, the person may have syphilis or cholecystitis. The result may signal hepatitis due to poisoning or acute viral infection, infection of the liver. A similar growth indicates jaundice.
Bilirubin: what is it and why?
The lifespan of an erythrocyte is from a quarter to a third of a year. After this time, the cells are destroyed, and one of the products of this reaction is bilirubin. Immediately after the destruction of hemoglobin molecules, dangerous bilirubin appears, which poisons organic tissues. It is always present in the blood serum. The toxic compound binds with glucuronic acid. The reaction is localized in the liver. Its result is a relatively safe molecule of conjugated bilirubin, which is excreted into the small intestinal tract with bile secretions.
Various pathologies lead to an increase in the concentration of various bilirubin fractions. If the patient is suffering from active destruction of red blood cells, hemolysis is indicated by an increase in direct bilirubin. This is possible with a snake bite and the toxic effects of hazardous substances, when the body is infected. An increase in the concentration of direct bilirubin is characteristic of hepatitis and liver pathologies.
Indirect fraction accumulates in the circulatory system if the bile secretion cannot leave the ducts normally. This is often due to the presence of stones or a tumor process. An increase in the concentration of bilirubin can often be diagnosed by the appearance of a person. Skin, sclera acquire a specific icteric hue.
Blood lipid profile
You should know if you plan to take an analysis for blood biochemistry, deciphering the indicators associated with fatty inclusions. If metabolic processes involving fat fractions are disturbed, the concentration of lipids or individual fractions increases. It is possible to increase the content of all such elements. It is believed that the correct interpretation of the content of these inclusions is especially important, since the values reflect the performance of the liver and kidneys. Non-standard values are a signal of a variety of diseases, indicating the need for additional research activities.
Normal concentration of total cholesterol in the bloodsystem - 5.2 mmol/l.
Triglycerides in the blood should be at least 0.34 units, but not more than 2.7. Standard values for this parameter are determined by the patient's age group.
Fluid and mineral balance
Determination of the content of these elements and their relationship to each other is one of the important tasks in the study of blood biochemistry. Norms, deciphering the analysis is the area of \u200b\u200bknowledge of a professional, but general information can be obtained from sources available to everyone. In particular, it is known that the circulatory system of the human body is saturated with inorganic impurities. Normally, folic acid should be contained, iron molecules and potassium and calcium inclusions should also be present here. For adequate functioning of the body, chlorine molecules and phosphorus, sodium compounds are required. If the balance of fluids and s alts is disturbed, it is possible that the cause of the phenomenon was a diabetic disease or heart disorders. Failures of this kind are observed in hepatic cirrhosis.
Potassium in the circulatory system should be present in the amount of 3.5-5.5 mmol/l. If screening shows high values, hyperkalemia is diagnosed. Often it is observed with hemolysis, dehydration, insufficiency of functioning of the kidneys in an acute form, as well as incorrect and too weak work of the adrenal glands. A decrease in potassium concentration is called hypokalemia. It may indicate kidney disorders, an excess content of hormonal substances secreted by the adrenal glands. Hypokalemia is an indicator of cystic fibrosis.
Ohother minerals
When conducting a study on general blood biochemistry, the transcript will contain information about the concentration of sodium compounds. Indicators in the range of 136-145 mmol / l are considered normal. If the parameter turned out to be more significant, there is a high probability of a malfunction in the functionality of the adrenal cortex. This may indicate diseases of the hypothalamus.
Chlorine should be present in the circulatory system in the amount of 98-107 mmol liter. If the upper limit is exceeded, perhaps the cause was dehydration of the body. The results of the analysis allow us to suspect a malfunction of the adrenal cortex or poisoning with salicylates. The reduced content of chlorine compounds is often recorded with excessive activity of the sweat glands and profuse vomiting. Such a violation occurs when too much fluid accumulates in the body.
Proteins and protein fractions
When studying the results of a biochemistry study, the interpretation of the analysis in terms of protein content deserves special attention. This substance in the blood serum of an adult should normally be no more than 64-83 mmol per liter. From medical statistics it is known that a decrease in this parameter is more often diagnosed. This result of the study is the basis for diagnosing hypoproteinemia. The condition is explained by the lack of protein fractions in food. A similar phenomenon is manifested by large burns and severe infection. Sometimes hypoproteinemia is fixed in sepsis and pancreatic diseases, hepatic lesions and pathological processes,affecting different parts of the gastrointestinal tract.
Hyperproteinemia, that is, a condition in which there are more than normal proteins in the blood, is observed much less frequently. It usually accompanies severe dehydration and thickening of the blood. The specific gravity of the components becomes larger, respectively, the percentage of protein inclusions increases. There is a possibility of a more serious condition leading to this change - cirrhosis or a tumor process that has affected the hematopoietic organs. An excess of proteins is possible with a number of blood diseases.
About proteins: pay attention
Of course, when receiving screening results, it is important to pay attention to deciphering the results. Blood biochemistry in adults and children gives an idea of the processes occurring in organisms, but not all screening results are equally informative. In particular, the concentration of protein inclusions provides little really accurate and useful information. For the diagnosis of diseases, information on the content of individual protein fractions: globulins, albumins is much more useful. The former are distinguished by a relatively large weight, they account for about a third of the total protein volume. The mass of albumin is less, and the share among all proteins is up to 65%. Globulins are divided into three types: alpha, beta, gamma.
When forming the results of screening, the ratio of albumin concentration to globulins must be calculated. For this coefficient, normal values vary within 1.5-2.5. If the concentration of proteins in the blood decreases, usually there is a decrease in the content of albumins with a relative increase in the proportion of globulins. The ratio of these fractions is reduced. If it is above the norm, the result of the study has no practical significance.
Transaminases
According to the results of a blood test for biochemistry, the decoding of the analysis will include information on the concentration of aminotransferase, transaminase. These words denote hepatic enzymes, due to which metabolic intracellular processes occur. Biochemical analysis reveals the content of two types of transaminases: AST, ALT. Aminotransferases are enzymes that are detected inside the cell, respectively, they are contained in relatively small amounts in the blood serum. The norm for AST is considered to be 0.1-0.68 µmol/mlh. ALT is considered normal if the test result is in the range of 0.1-0.45.
The growth of the parameter can be explained by the syndrome of cytolysis, that is, active cell death. This is often fixed in case of a heart attack, liver diseases, severe toxic effects of aggressive substances, against which the liver cells are actively destroyed and die. Liver disease is more likely to lead to an increase in ALT. A heart attack usually manifests itself as an increase in the concentration of AST.
If the patient received a significant burn or suffered a serious injury, it is necessary to do a study to control the condition, taking into account the norms of biochemistry (blood test). Decoding in adults, children will include information about the increase in transaminase levels. Tumors and infection show themselves in the same way. A violation of the concentration of compounds is observed if a person has undergone a major operation. Sometimeslaboratory studies make it possible to determine the content of enzyme inclusions in units per liter. You can use the system of international units. When using this method of reflecting the results, screening for women should contain indicators up to 30 units, for men the norm is up to 40.
Urea
When conducting a biochemistry analysis, the transcript will contain information about the amount of this substance. Numerous reactions take place in the human body, including the generation of proteins and their destruction. Such processes are ongoing. A certain amount of protein enters the body with food. A small proportion of them rot in the intestinal tract, which is accompanied by the generation of ammonia. This substance is released during protein breakdown. It belongs to the category of especially dangerous, negatively affects organic tissues even at a relatively low concentration. Especially strong aggressive effect on the brain. Nature provides protection against ammonia. All the released compound with the bloodstream enters the liver cells, where biochemical reactions of transformation into urea are initiated. These molecules are harmless to humans and do not have toxicity. Urea travels through the bloodstream to the kidneys and is eliminated in the urine. A relatively small amount remains in the kidneys and is absorbed into the blood. Due to this process, a certain percentage of urea can be detected in the circulatory system at any time.
Urea: Features
In the study of blood biochemistry, the transcript contains information about the concentration of reabsorbed urea. Normal parametervaries within the limits of 2, 4-8, 3 mmol / l. Specific norms are determined by age. Children are characterized by minimal quantities, persons of the advanced age group - relatively high. If the analysis shows a value significantly higher than normal, the ability of the kidneys to excrete the substance in the urine is probably impaired. Perhaps the results of the study indicate the insufficiency of the work of this body. With such a violation, normal excretion of urea is impossible. A similar phenomenon is signaled by the insufficiency of the heart, against which the blood flow in the kidney area weakens.
If, when conducting research on blood biochemistry, the decoding shows an increased content of urea, it is possible that the cause of the phenomenon was the active processes of destruction of protein molecules in the body. They are possible due to a severe injury or a severe burn received by a person, are observed with aggressive infection and bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. A moderate increase in the parameter is possible with a load, the intake of an abundance of proteins of animal and vegetable origin. The growth of urea may accompany dehydration, increased blood density. Below normal parameters are observed if there is a pathological process in the intestinal tract, liver. Perhaps a violation of the processes of generating urea from ammonia or against the background of a decrease in the body's ability to absorb proteins from food. Often, a reduced content of the substance is recorded in people who eat strictly plant foods.
Creatinine
After a blood test in children and adults for biochemistrythe transcript will contain information about the concentration of creatinine. The connection is the result of metabolic reactions involving protein structures. Responsibility for its excretion rests with the kidneys. Creatinine is generated as a result of metabolism in the muscles that support the skeleton. A relatively small percentage is produced in the brain. The content of this substance in the body is determined by the performance of muscle tissues, kidney cells. Normally, in women, it should be 44-141 µmol / l, for men, indicators from the range of 88-177 µmol / l are considered adequate. The difference is due to the development of muscle tissue.
An increase in the concentration of this substance is possible with insufficient kidney function. If, when screening blood for biochemistry, a transcript in an adult or a child shows an unusually high content of creatinine, this may be due to an injury or serious muscle damage, a similar result is observed with an overly active thyroid gland. Similar effects provoke the use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical products. A moderate increase in concentration is recorded in people who are professionally involved in sports.
Amylase
This parameter is also paid attention to when compiling a transcript based on the results of a blood biochemistry analysis. The norm in adults is 25-100 units per liter of blood. Amylase is an enzymatic compound generated by the pancreas. A relatively small volume is produced by the glands responsible for the production of saliva. Compound needed for recyclingstarch and a number of other high molecular weight carbohydrate substances. Metabolism leads to the generation of low molecular weight sugars. The main percentage of amylase is in the pancreas and is found in the glandular tissue.
Tests can show non-standard parameters that decoding demonstrates in the study of blood biochemistry. The norm in adults amylase is exceeded in acute pancreatitis. Sometimes the increased enzyme content in the body is explained by some kind of tumor focus that blocked the pancreatic ducts. An increase in concentration in childhood is possible when infected with mumps. As pancreatitis progresses, pancreatic insufficiency is fixed, and amylase activity gradually decreases.
Reduced concentration of this enzyme may indicate the degradation of tissues that form the pancreas. Most often, pancreatic necrosis is explained by addiction to alcohol.
Cholesterol
If, according to the results of a study on blood biochemistry, a decoding in adults contains an indication of a cholesterol content in the range of 5, 17 mmol / l, in the general case, it is considered that human he alth is in order, since the parameter is normal. But what does that mean? The word "cholesterol" itself is known to many, but not every person is oriented in the essence of the term. It refers to a substance produced by the liver tissues and in the intestinal tract. It is formed as a result of the transformation of lipids, proteins. Cholesterol belongs to the class of lipoproteins. A certain percentage of the substance enters the body with food, while plant foods contain it veryfew. It is customary to associate plaques and cholesterol, but the term is more voluminous and includes not only the compound due to which the vascular lumens overlap. Lipoproteins are divided according to the level of density. High-density - elements of cell membranes necessary for metabolism. They are important for the generation of active compounds, including the hormonal regulation of the reproductive system. Low-density, very low-density fractions are the cause of atherosclerosis and related he alth problems.
When changing in milligrams per deciliters of blood, a cholesterol indicator within 200 units is considered the norm. Specific figures can be found by doing a study on blood biochemistry. Decoding in adults always attracts special attention with parameters that reflect cholesterol levels. The share of dangerous fractions normally accounts for no more than half. If their value rises to 160 units, atherosclerosis is diagnosed.
Ionic balance
When analyzing biochemistry, decoding will show the presence of important microscopic elements. In the circulatory system, such inclusions are observed in the form of ions that are actively involved in metabolic reactions. The most important are the parameters reflecting the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium. For the first, the content in the amount of 135-145 mmol / l is considered adequate, for the second, the norm is from 3.4 to 5.3. The standard of calcium concentration is within 2.23-2.57.
Iron ions should be contained in an amount of 9-31, 3. For magnesium, the minimum limit is 0.75 units, the maximum is 1.26. Folic standardsacids - within 10-12 units. Phosphorus in the circulatory system should be present in the amount of 0.87–1.45 units; for chlorine, normal values are in the range of 98-107 units
If, according to the results of the biochemistry study, the transcript contains indicators that differ from the standard norm, it is necessary to look for this reason. There are a lot of factors that provoke violations; you can suspect infection or disruption of the gastrointestinal tract. An imbalance is observed with vomiting, copious loose stools, or too active excretion of fluid by the kidneys. According to doctors, any pathology provokes some kind of imbalance of ions.
Special Occasion: Children
Tests are prescribed not only for adults, sometimes babies are also shown a study of blood biochemistry. Decoding in children is carried out taking into account specific norms. So, for babies up to a year old, the protein content is considered to be in the range of 47-72 units, for adolescents, the upper norm rises to 76.
Amylase in the blood of children should be:
- from birth to one year - at the level of 8 units/l;
- up to two years - 5-65 units/l;
- over two years old - 25-125 units/l.
If, after a study on biochemistry, the decoding of a child of one month of age contains glucose parameters within 4.7 units, this can be considered the norm. For one-year-old children, the maximum norm rises to 6, 1.
For a month old, the cholesterol standard is 1.6-3 mmol/l, for a one-year-old, up to 4.5.
