The duration of human life depends on many factors. Mortality is a statistical indicator, the ratio of the number of deaths to the total population. Traditionally, mortality factors are divided into 2 groups: endogenous and exogenous. The first group includes the natural aging of the body, congenital malformations, hereditary diseases and some other factors that depend on the biological characteristics of the human body and its heredity. Exogenous are associated with the influence of the external environment. This group includes accidents, infectious diseases, poisoning, acute digestive and respiratory diseases and other injuries.
Endogenous factors
The influence of endogenous factors is caused to a greater extent by the aging of the body, therefore it is concentrated in older people. But the person himself and the environment surrounding him are able to slightly correct the negative impact of endogenous factors on the body. This introduces a certain element of randomness into the influence of these factors. However, in general, the element of chance will be negligible, and the relationship between the probability of death and age will be significant.
Exogenous factors
The impact of exogenous factors on the human body, on the contrary, is random, random. Such an accident is largely justified by the fact that the same cause of death of a person can be various external factors.
Mortality as an indicator
Mortality is an indicator that reflects the state of he alth of society. The death rate characterizes the economic and social he alth of the country, reflects the effectiveness of the policy pursued by the authorities. The most indicative in this regard will be such indicators as maternal mortality, infant mortality, mortality from external causes - poisoning, injuries, mortality among the working population, the gap between the expected life expectancy of women and men. In medicine, population mortality is a quantitative indicator that reflects the number of deaths from a particular disease in relation to the average population.
The death rate is an indicator showing the number of deaths per year in relation to the average annual population. It is considered general and practically unsuitable for any comparison, since its value for the most part depends on the characteristics of the age composition of society. Based on this indicator, a first rough estimate is made.
Birth rate, death rate
Birth and death rates are dynamic indicators that characterize the size of the population and its change. Fertility isthe ability of the population to grow or, in other words, the number of births per 1000 people per year. Mortality is the opposite of fertility. It is calculated as the number of individuals that died in a certain period of time, but usually as a relative or specific value. Birth and death rates are the indicators on the basis of which the change in population is calculated.
Population change
The natural movement of the population expresses the total value of the processes of fertility and mortality, due to which the constant renewal and change of generations is ensured. In cases where the birth rate exceeds the death rate, one can observe a natural increase in the population; in the opposite cases, a natural decrease occurs. To characterize the intensity of fertility, the total fertility rate is usually used. Calculated as the number of births per year in relation to 1000 inhabitants.
The totality of the processes of mortality, fertility and, of course, natural growth - all these are components of the reproduction of the population. There are two types of population reproduction. One of them is characterized by low birth and death rates, and, consequently, natural increase. This type is reflected mainly in developed countries. The second type is characterized by rather high values of both the birth rate and the natural increase in the population and relatively low mortality rates. Applies primarily to developing countries.
Indicatorsinfant mortality
Infant mortality is the death of children in the first year of life. This indicator significantly exceeds mortality in other age groups, except for senile and advanced age. The decrease in infant mortality contributes to the growth of the life expectancy of the population. However, some difficulties may arise when calculating the indicator. For example, a child was born in one calendar year and died in another. There is a revised indicator, which is calculated using the Rats formula: the number of children who died in the first year of life in relation to 2/3 of those born alive in the reporting year and 1/3 of those born alive in the previous year.
According to WHO recommendations, infant mortality is one of the main indicators not only of the he alth of society, but also of the general standard of living of the population, the quality of the he althcare structure. Even today, infant mortality is significantly higher than other mortality rates in other age groups.
Maternal mortality in Russia and worldwide
According to WHO recommendations, this term refers to all deaths of women caused by pregnancy (regardless of its duration) that occurred during pregnancy or within 42 days after its completion. Accidents or accidental circumstances are excluded. Maternal mortality is another indicator of population mortality. It is calculated as the ratio of the number of deathsduring pregnancy, childbirth itself and in the first 42 days to the number of live births, multiplied by 100 thousand
Maternal deaths include direct obstetric death (improper delivery, childbirth, postpartum care, etc.) and indirect obstetric death (due to pre-existing diseases that developed during pregnancy).
Death rates in Russia
As for Russia, the rising death rate has been a trend for more than a decade. It is connected, first of all, with the aging of the population. In regions with a predominantly young population, the mortality rate is lower than in territories with an older population. These are, for example, the Tver and Pskov regions.
The Russian phenomenon of supermortality is reflected in the working age of the population. Compared to most countries with levels of economic development comparable to Russia, mortality in Russia is 3-5 times higher for men and more than 2 times higher for women. This is also due to specific risk factors associated with the lifestyle of Russians.
The he alth care system faces two significant challenges. The first is the structure of the pathology of the early industrial society, affecting mainly children and the young able-bodied population. To the second - problems with the demographically old age group of the population. Thus, in Russia, mortality is an extremely specific situation, uncharacteristic of either developed or developing countries.
