A person has to deal with various medical services throughout his life. This may be a consultation with a medical specialist, a study of any biomaterials, an examination of internal organs, and taking various medications. A general urine test is taken by absolutely all people, it is prescribed to all people - from infants to pensioners. This is the most common and at the same time informative method for examining urine.
Complete urinalysis: what is this study?
Analysis data is an indicator of kidney function, therefore, at the slightest suspicion of their dysfunction, doctors prescribe this study. In addition, the results of the analysis may indicate other pathological processes in the body. This method can detect abnormal functioning of organs by determining the general properties of urine and microscopy of the urinary sediment. The main parameters by which the doctor draws conclusions about the patient's condition are as follows:
- urine color;
- its transparency;
- urine density;
- presence of protein;
- acidity;
- indicatorsglucose;
- what is the patient's hemoglobin;
- bilirubin;
- ketone bodies;
- urobilinogen;
- nitrites;
- presence of s alts in urine;
- epithelium;
- RBC count;
- leukocytes;
- what bacteria are in the urine;
- cylinders.
This study for patients with kidney pathologies is prescribed quite often to monitor the dynamics of changes in the functioning of the excretory system and the effectiveness of the medications used. A he althy person should ideally take this analysis 1-2 times a year for the timely detection of pathologies.
What are the rules for collecting analysis?
Research must be carried out with the utmost precision. It must be provided from the beginning of the urine collection to the final results. Before collecting urine, it is necessary to conduct hygiene of the relevant organs. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that various food jars or containers are not suitable for analysis. To collect biomaterial, a special container is needed, used only for these purposes. You can buy it at any pharmacy.
In the evening before the test, you need to limit the use of foods that can color urine: beets, carrots and others. In addition, you need to monitor the use of various medications the day before, as they can distort the results of the tests. During the period of menstruation, the results may also be untrue, so you need to wait until the end of this period.
You can not drink alcoholic beverages in the evening before the analysis. The content of trace elements in the urinechange significantly.
What can this analysis reveal?
A general urine test is prescribed in order to determine the state of the body in case of suspicion of some pathologies. This analysis is prescribed in the event of diseases of the urinary system, to determine the dynamics of the course of the disease and control it. The analysis helps to prevent possible complications in time, and also shows the effectiveness of the treatment. This study is also often used in examinations of people undergoing medical examinations.
Urine density determination
Urine density is the relative density ratio of two materials, one of which is considered as a reference. In this case, the sample is distilled water. The density of urine is usually variable. The reason is that the density changes during the day, this is due to the uneven output of metabolic products dissolved in urine.
When filtering the blood, the kidneys produce primary urine, most of which is reabsorbed and returned to the bloodstream. Based on the described process, the kidneys make a concentrate of secondary urine. The process described above is called the concentration function of the kidneys. If there is a violation of the latter, this will lead to a decrease in the relative density of urine. Diabetes insipidus, some variants of chronic nephritis and other diseases can become a violation of the concentration function.
If protein appears in the urine,sugar, leukocytes, erythrocytes and the like - this contributes to an increase in the density of urine. The relative density of urine, or rather, its average value depends on the age of the person. The concentration function of the kidneys also depends on age. Generally speaking, these two concepts are closely related.
Physiology of urine density
The density of urine, or rather, the process of its occurrence, consists of three stages. These are filtration, reabsorption and tubular secretion.
The first stage - filtration - occurs in the Malpighian body of the nephron. It is possible due to the high hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries, which is created due to the fact that the diameter of the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent one.
The second stage is called reabsorption or, in other words, absorption in the opposite direction. It is carried out in the twisted and even tubules of the nephron, where, in fact, the primary urine enters.
The final, third stage of urination is tubular secretion. The cells of the renal tubules, together with special enzymes, carry out an active transfer of toxic metabolic products from the blood capillaries into the lumen of the tubules: urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine and others.
Urine relative density norm
The relative density of urine normally has a wide range. Moreover, the process of its formation will be determined by normally functioning kidneys. Says a lot to an expertrelative density of urine. The rate of this indicator will fluctuate during the day many times. This is due to the fact that from time to time a person takes various foods, drinks water and loses fluid through sweating, breathing and other functions. Under various conditions, the kidneys excrete urine with relative density values: 1.001 - 1.040. It is believed that this is the density of urine in the norm. If a he althy adult drinks enough water, then the relative gravity of urine, the rate of which is indicated above, in the morning can be as follows: 1.015 - 1.020. Morning urine can be very saturated, since no liquid enters the body at night.
The density of urine is normal if its color is straw-yellow, transparent and has a mild odor. Her reaction should range from 4 to 7.
How dangerous is hyperstenuria?
If a person has an increased density of urine, this indicates that certain pathological processes are occurring in the body, which in one word are called "hyperstenuria". Such a disease will be manifested by an increase in edema, in particular, with acute glomerulonephritis or insufficient blood circulation in the kidneys. If there was a huge extrarenal fluid loss. This includes diarrhea, vomiting, large blood loss, burns over a large area, swelling, abdominal trauma, intestinal obstruction. Hyperstenuria will also be indicated by the appearance in the urine of a large amount of glucose, protein, drugs and their metabolites. The cause of this disease is also toxicosis during pregnancy. If youpassed a urine test, the specific gravity of which turned out to be high (more than 1030), such a result would indicate hyperstenuria. Such results must be discussed with the doctor.
The high density of urine does not carry a great danger to human life. But it comes in two forms:
- Renal pathology, such as nephrotic syndrome.
- No primary kidney pathology (glucosuria, multiple myeloma, hypovolemic conditions in which water reabsorption in the tubules increases as compensation, and therefore urine concentration begins).
What does hypostenuria indicate?
Hypostenuria is the opposite of hyperstenuria. It is characterized by low urine density. The cause is acute damage to the renal tubules, diabetes insipidus, permanent renal failure or malignant hypertension.
Hypostenuria indicates that there has been a violation of the concentration ability of the kidneys. And this, in turn, speaks of kidney failure. And if you have been diagnosed with this disease, it is advisable to immediately contact a nephrologist who will prescribe you the timely and necessary treatment.
Norms for the density of urine for children
As mentioned in this article above, urine density norms are different for each age. The urine analysis of an adult differs significantly from that of a child. It can vary in many ways, but its main difference is in the norms. The relative density of urine in a child should correspond to the followingregulations:
- for a one-day-old baby, the norm is from 1,008 to 1,018;
- if the baby is about six months old, for him the norm will be 1, 002–1, 004;
- Between the ages of six months and a year, the normal relative gravity of urine is in the range of 1,006 to 1,010;
- Between the ages of three and five, urine density limits will range from 1,010 to 1,020;
- for children who are approximately 7-8 years old, 1,008–1,022 is considered the norm;
- and those who are between 10 and 12 years old, their urine density should be within the norm of 1,011–1,025.
It can be very difficult for parents to collect urine from their child, especially if he is very small. But in order to determine the density of urine, at least 50 ml must be delivered to the laboratory where such an analysis is carried out.
